< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷóteros

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix).

Adjective

*kʷóteros (non-ablauting)

  1. which of two

Inflection
Thematic
masculine feminine
nominative *kʷóteros *kʷótereh₂
genitive *kʷóterosyo *kʷótereh₂s
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷóteros *kʷóteroh₁ *kʷóteroes
vocative *kʷótere *kʷóteroh₁ *kʷóteroes
accusative *kʷóterom *kʷóteroh₁ *kʷóteroms
genitive *kʷóterosyo *? *kʷóteroHom
ablative *kʷóteread *? *kʷóteromos
dative *kʷóteroey *? *kʷóteromos
locative *kʷóterey, *kʷóteroy *? *kʷóteroysu
instrumental *kʷóteroh₁ *? *kʷóterōys
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷótereh₂ *kʷótereh₂h₁(e) *kʷótereh₂es
vocative *kʷótereh₂ *kʷótereh₂h₁(e) *kʷótereh₂es
accusative *kʷóterām *kʷótereh₂h₁(e) *kʷótereh₂m̥s
genitive *kʷótereh₂s *? *kʷótereh₂oHom
ablative *kʷótereh₂s *? *kʷótereh₂mos
dative *kʷótereh₂ey *? *kʷótereh₂mos
locative *kʷótereh₂, *kʷótereh₂i *? *kʷótereh₂su
instrumental *kʷótereh₂h₁ *? *kʷótereh₂mis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷóterom *kʷóteroy(h₁) *kʷótereh₂
vocative *kʷóterom *kʷóteroy(h₁) *kʷótereh₂
accusative *kʷóterom *kʷóteroy(h₁) *kʷótereh₂
genitive *kʷóterosyo *? *kʷóteroHom
ablative *kʷóteread *? *kʷóteromos
dative *kʷóteroey *? *kʷóteromos
locative *kʷóterey, *kʷóteroy *? *kʷóteroysu
instrumental *kʷóteroh₁ *? *kʷóterōys

Descendants
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras[1][2]
  • Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz[3][4] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros[5]
    • Ancient Greek: πότερος (póteros)
    • Ionic Greek: κότερος (kóteros)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kátaras
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás
    • Proto-Iranian: *kátaras
      • Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)
        Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros[6]
    • Latin: uter
    • Sabellic: *poterospid < *kʷoteros-kʷid
      • Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌋𐌐𐌝𐌃 (púterelpíd, loc.sg.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌔𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúspíd, nom.pl.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúmpíd, “both”, gen.pl.m.)
      • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌐𐌄 (putrespe, “both”, gen.sg.?)

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*koterъ, *kotorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 240
  2. Derksen, Rick (2015) “katras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232
  3. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95
  4. Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “weer6”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎ (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1226
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “uter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 646-647
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