< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂g-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction

This root could presumably have an *a, but the short vowel of Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaga- can easily be explained by Lubotsky's Law, from the loss of the laryngeal in front of a voiced stop plus another consonant; this condition would have existed, for instance, in athematic verb forms, such as *bʰegs-.[1][2]

Alternative reconstructions

Root

*bʰeh₂g-

  1. to divide, distribute, allot

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂g-‎ (12 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰeh₂g-t (zero-grade athematic root aorist)[3]
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured ← *I received a share”)
  • *bʰeh₂g-s-(éye-)ti (zero-grade sigmatic aorist/desiderative)[3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰakšás, *bʰakšáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰakṣás, *bʰakṣáyati
        • Sanskrit: भक्ष (bhakṣá, “food, drink, delight”), भक्षयति (bhakṣáyati, “to consume”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *baxšáh (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)
        • Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬑𐬱 (baxš)
        • Middle Persian: bhš- (baxš-)
        • Talysh: baxşiye
        • → Old Armenian: բաշխեմ (bašxem), բաշխ (bašx)
  • *bʰéh₂g-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati
      • Proto-Iranian: *báǰati (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”)[4]
  • *bʰoh₂g-éye-ti (o-grade with causative suffix -éye)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati
  • *bʰeh₂g-(e)h₂ (feminine or collective)[6]
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: բակ (bak, “courtyard; sheep pen; sun or moon halo ← *landed allotment, encircled estate”) (alternatively, a borrowing from the Indo-Iranian cognate *bʰāgás)
  • *bʰoh₂g-ó-s m (“portion, share”)[6][3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāgás (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰeh₂g-ó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰagás (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰéh₂g-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂g-téy-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktíš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaktíṣ
        • Sanskrit: भक्ति (bhaktí, “distribution, partition, separation”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰeh₂g-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰóh₂g-s ~ *bʰéh₂g-s (“allotment”, athematic noun)
    • (possibly) Proto-Germanic: *bōks (“book < *letter, writing < *identifying marks”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Tocharian: *pāke (“part, portion, share, piece”)[7] (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)
    • Proto-Slavic: *bogъ

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 65
  2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φαγεῖν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1543
  4. Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1–2
  5. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 55
  6. Martirosyan, Hrach (2013) “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎, number 10, page 99
  7. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 388—389
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