< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective.

Suffix

*-(é)-yōs

  1. Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

Declension
Athematic, amphikinetic
masculine feminine
nominative *-(é)-yōs *-(∅)-yésih₂
genitive *-(∅)-isés *-(∅)-isyéh₂s
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *-(é)-yōs *-(é)-yosh₁(e) *-(é)-yoses
vocative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosh₁(e) *-(é)-yoses
accusative *-(é)-yosm̥ *-(é)-yosh₁(e) *-(é)-yosm̥s
genitive *-(∅)-isés *? *-(∅)-isóHom
ablative *-(∅)-isés *? *-(∅)-ismós
dative *-(∅)-iséy *? *-(∅)-ismós
locative *-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési *? *-(∅)-isú
instrumental *-(∅)-iséh₁ *? *-(∅)-ismís
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *-(∅)-yésih₂ *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) *-(∅)-yésih₂es
vocative *-(∅)-yésih₂ *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) *-(∅)-yésih₂es
accusative *-(∅)-yésih₂m̥ *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) *-(∅)-yésih₂m̥s
genitive *-(∅)-isyéh₂s *? *-(∅)-isyéh₂oHom
ablative *-(∅)-isyéh₂s *? *-(∅)-isyéh₂mos
dative *-(∅)-isyéh₂ey *? *-(∅)-isyéh₂mos
locative *-(∅)-isyéh₂, *-(∅)-isyéh₂i *? *-(∅)-isyéh₂su
instrumental *-(∅)-isyéh₂h₁ *? *-(∅)-isyéh₂mis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosih₁ *-(é)-yōs
vocative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosih₁ *-(é)-yōs
accusative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosih₁ *-(é)-yōs
genitive *-(∅)-isés *? *-(∅)-isóHom
ablative *-(∅)-isés *? *-(∅)-ismós
dative *-(∅)-iséy *? *-(∅)-ismós
locative *-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési *? *-(∅)-isú
instrumental *-(∅)-iséh₁ *? *-(∅)-ismís

Usage notes

Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.

Derived terms
Category Proto-Indo-European adjectives suffixed with *-yōs not found
  • *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
    • Proto-Germanic: *-izô, also *-ōzô
    • Proto-Hellenic: *-ihō
  • *-is-tos
  • *-is-(t)m̥mos
    • Proto-Albanian: *-sama, *-isama[1]
    • Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos[2]
      • Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃ (see there for further descendants)
      • Old Irish: -em
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištamas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣṭamas
        • Sanskrit: -इष्टम (-iṣṭama)
    • Proto-Italic: *-isemos

Descendants
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *-ьjь (accusative *-ьšь)
  • Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
    • Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)
    • Old Irish: -iu
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
    • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas
      • Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas)
    • Proto-Iranian: *-yah
      • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)
  • Proto-Italic: *-jōs

See also

References
  • Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  1. Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*-(i)sama”
  2. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
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