< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰed-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰed- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰedʰ-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰed-[1][2]

  1. to defecate

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰed-‎ (1 c, 0 e)
  • *ǵʰéd-e-ti (thematic root present)[1][2]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰádati
        • Sanskrit: हदति (hádati, “to evacuate, discharge excrement”)
  • *ǵʰéd-ye-ti (ye-present)[2][4][5][6]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰédzō
      • Ancient Greek: χέζω (khézō, “to shit”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Albanian: *dzetša
  • *ǵʰḗd-s-t ~ *ǵʰéd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰesə
      • Ancient Greek: ἔχεσα (ékhesa)
  • *ǵʰe-ǵʰód-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰd-ḗr (stative)[1]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kékʰoda
      • Ancient Greek: κέχοδα (kékhoda)
    • Proto-Albanian:[6]
      • >? Albanian: ndot (“to make dirty”)
  • *ǵʰéd-o-s[4][7]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ձետ (jet, “tail”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádas
      • Proto-Iranian: *jádah
        • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 m (zadah, “buttocks”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *zadъ m (“rump”)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “g̑ʰed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 172
  2. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 187: “*g̑hed-i̯e/o-; *g̑hed-e/o-”
  3. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 423
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χέζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1618
  5. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “dhjes”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
  6. Demiraj, B. (1997) “dhjes”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 161
  7. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “jet”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 432
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