Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spadô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”), Hittite [script needed] (išpatar, “spear”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈspɑ.ðɔːː/

Noun

*spadô m

spade

Inflection

masculine an-stemDeclension of *spadô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*spadô	*spadaniz
vocative	*spadô	*spadaniz
accusative	*spadanų	*spadanunz
genitive	*spadiniz	*spadanǫ̂
dative	*spadini	*spadammaz
instrumental	*spadinē	*spadammiz

Related terms

*spadō
*spadǭ

Descendants

Old English: spada
- Middle English: spade
  - Scots: spade, spaid
  - English: spade
    - → Scottish Gaelic: spaid
    - → Fiji Hindi: sipi
  - → Irish: spád, spáid
Old Frisian: spada
- North Frisian: spade
- Saterland Frisian: Spoade
- West Frisian: *spa, *spar (in stikelspa, stikelspar)
Old Saxon: spado
- Middle Low German: spāde
  - German Low German: Spaa
Old Dutch: *spado
- Middle Dutch: spade
  - Dutch: spade, spa
Old High German: *spato (possibly)
- Middle High German: spade, spate (rare or northern word, possibly from Old Saxon)
  - German: Spaten
  - Luxembourgish: Spuet
Old Norse: spaði; járnspaði (possibly from Low German)
- Icelandic: spaði
- Faroese: spaði
- Norwegian: spade
- Old Swedish: spadhi
  - Swedish: spade
- Danish: spade

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