< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jehwlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown;[1] suggested to be connected to Latin iocus (“a joke, jest”),[2] itself thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to speak”), yet this is semantically unconvincing.[3]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈjexʷ.lɑ̃/

Noun

*jehwlą n[4]

  1. festivity, celebration
  2. (in the plural) Yule, literally, “the festivities”

Inflection

The plural descends from an Indo-European collective noun and shows the original Verner alternant *gw, which later became *w (represented by *u).

neuter a-stemDeclension of *jehwlą (neuter a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *jehwlą *jeulō
vocative *jehwlą *jeulō
accusative *jehwlą *jeulō
genitive *jehwlas, *jihwlis *jeulǫ̂
dative *jihwlai *jeulamaz
instrumental *jehwlō *jeulamiz

Derived terms
  • *jehwladagaz[5]
    • Old English: ġēohheldæġ
    • Old Norse: jóladagr
      • Icelandic: jóladagur
      • Faroese: jóladagur
      • Danish: juledag
  • *jehwlamēnōþz[6]
    • Old English: ġēolmōnaþ
    • Old Norse: jólmánaðr, jólmánuðr
      • Icelandic: jólmánuður, jólamánuður
      • Faroese: jólamánaður
  • *jehwlijaz[7]

Descendants
  • Old English: ġēol, ġehhol, ġehhel, ġēohol, ġēohel, ġēohhel, iūl, ġiūl, iōl, ġeohhel, ġeochol, ġeohhol, ġeohol
  • Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛖᚢᛚᚢ (*jeulu), *ᛖᚢᛚᚢ n pl (*eulu)
    • Old Norse: jól, *iūl
      • Icelandic: jól
      • Faroese: jól
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: jol
      • Old Swedish: iūl
      • Old Danish: iūl
        • Danish: jul
          • Norwegian Bokmål: jul
            • → Norwegian Nynorsk: jul (partially from an earlier East Nordic borrowing)
          • → German: Jul
            • ⇒ German: Julfest
              • → Dutch: joelfeest
          • → Greenlandic: juulli
      • Old Gutnish: iaul
      • →? Old French: jolif (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Finnic: *joulu (see there for further descendants)
  • → Proto-Finnic: *juhla
    • Estonian: juhlad
    • Finnish: juhla
References
  1. Torp, Alf (1919) “Jól”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 250
  2. Bugge, Sophus, editor ((Can we date this quote?)), Arkiv for nordisk filologi, volume IV, Lund: Lund University, →ISBN, page 135
  3. Hellquist, Elof (1922) “jul”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎ (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, pages 282-283
  4. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*jexwlan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
  5. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*jexwla-daʒaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
  6. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*jexwla-mēnōþz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
  7. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*jexwljaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 205-206
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