< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hradaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

Etymology

Uncertain. Per Kroonen, most likely from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, move suddenly”), whence also the verbs *hurtoną and *hrattōną (“to rush, tumble”); cognate with Old Irish crothaim (“I shake”), Latvian kratît (“to shake out”), Lithuanian kratýti (“id.”), Latvian krist (“to fall, drop, die”), Lithuanian krìsti (“id.”), and Lithuanian kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age)”).[2][1]

Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “I swing, brandish”), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, “(s/he) leaps”), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“puts, lays; moves”)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge”) and Old High German scerdo (“hinge”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈxrɑ.ðɑz/

Adjective

*hradaz[1]

  1. quick, hasty
    Synonym: *hurskaz

Inflection
Declension of *hradaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *hradaz *hradai *hradō *hradôz *hradą, -atō *hradō
Accusative *hradanǭ *hradanz *hradǭ *hradōz *hradą, -atō *hradō
Genitive *hradas, -is *hradaizǫ̂ *hradaizōz *hradaizǫ̂ *hradas, -is *hradaizǫ̂
Dative *hradammai *hradaimaz *hradaizōi *hradaimaz *hradammai *hradaimaz
Instrumental *hradanō *hradaimiz *hradaizō *hradaimiz *hradanō *hradaimiz
Weak declension
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *hradô *hradaniz *hradǭ *hradōniz *hradô *hradōnō
Accusative *hradanų *hradanunz *hradōnų *hradōnunz *hradô *hradōnō
Genitive *hradiniz *hradanǫ̂ *hradōniz *hradōnǫ̂ *hradiniz *hradanǫ̂
Dative *hradini *hradammaz *hradōni *hradōmaz *hradini *hradammaz
Instrumental *hradinē *hradammiz *hradōnē *hradōmiz *hradinē *hradammiz


Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *hrad, *hraþ
    • Old English: hræd, hræþ
      • Middle English: rad, radde, rade; red, ræd
        • Scots: redd, red
    • Old Dutch: *rath, *rad
    • Old High German: hrad
  • Old Norse: hraðr
    • Icelandic: hraður
    • Norwegian: rad
    • Old Swedish: radher

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraþa- ~ *hrada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hratt/dōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243
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