< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helpōlausaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxel.pɔː.ˌlɑu̯.sɑz/
Inflection
Declension of *helpōlausaz (a-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *helpōlausaz | *helpōlausai | *helpōlausō | *helpōlausôz | *helpōlausą, *-at(ō) | *helpōlausō |
| accusative | *helpōlausanǭ | *helpōlausanz | *helpōlausǭ | *helpōlausōz | *helpōlausą, *-at(ō) | *helpōlausō |
| genitive | *helpōlausas, *helpōlausis | *helpōlausaizǫ̂ | *helpōlausaizōz | *helpōlausaizǫ̂ | *helpōlausas, *helpōlausis | *helpōlausaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *helpōlausammai | *helpōlausaimaz | *helpōlausaizōi | *helpōlausaimaz | *helpōlausammai | *helpōlausaimaz |
| instrumental | *helpōlausanō | *helpōlausaimiz | *helpōlausaizō | *helpōlausaimiz | *helpōlausanō | *helpōlausaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *helpōlausô | *helpōlausaniz | *helpōlausǭ | *helpōlausōniz | *helpōlausô | *helpōlausōnō |
| accusative | *helpōlausanų | *helpōlausanunz | *helpōlausōnų | *helpōlausōnunz | *helpōlausô | *helpōlausōnō |
| genitive | *helpōlausiniz | *helpōlausanǫ̂ | *helpōlausōniz | *helpōlausōnǫ̂ | *helpōlausiniz | *helpōlausanǫ̂ |
| dative | *helpōlausini | *helpōlausammaz | *helpōlausōni | *helpōlausōmaz | *helpōlausini | *helpōlausammaz |
| instrumental | *helpōlausinē | *helpōlausammiz | *helpōlausōnē | *helpōlausōmiz | *helpōlausinē | *helpōlausammiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *helpulaus
- Old Norse: hjalplauss, hjalparlauss (changed to genitival compound)
- Icelandic: hjálplaus, hjálparlaus
- Norwegian: hjelpeløs
- Swedish: hjälplös, hjälpelös
- Danish: hjælpeløs
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xelpa-lausaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
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