< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidiją

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *arbaidiz (“labour”) +‎ *-ją.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃/

Noun

*arbaidiją n[1]

  1. toil, work
  2. hardship

Inflection
neuter ja-stemDeclension of *arbaidiją (neuter ja-stem)
singular plural
nominative *arbaidiją *arbaidijō
vocative *arbaidiją *arbaidijō
accusative *arbaidiją *arbaidijō
genitive *arbaidijas, *arbaidīs *arbaidijǫ̂
dative *arbaidijai *arbaidijamaz
instrumental *arbaidijō *arbaidijamiz

Descendants

Many of the West Germanic descendants merged with *arbaidiz.

  • Proto-West Germanic:
    • Old English: earfoþ
    • Old Saxon: arbēdi, arvedi
      • Middle Low German: arbêt, arbeit
    • Old Dutch: arbeiti, arvit, arbeit
      • Middle Dutch: arbeit
    • Old High German: arbeiti
      • Middle High German: arbeit, arebeit, erbeit, erebeit
  • Old Norse: erfiði, erfaði
    • Icelandic: erfiði
    • Old Swedish: arvoþe, ærviþi
    • Old Danish: æruæthæ

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*arbaidijan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 22
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