Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ingaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷo-, or possibly from *-īnaz +‎ *-gaz. Compare *-ungō (suffix forming gerunds).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iŋ.ɡɑz/

Noun

*-ingaz m

Forms derivatives of nouns with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from'.

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *-ingaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-ingaz	-ingōz, -ingōs
vocative	*-ing	-ingōz, -ingōs
accusative	*-ingą	*-inganz
genitive	-ingas, -ingis	*-ingǫ̂
dative	*-ingai	*-ingamaz
instrumental	*-ingō	*-ingamiz

Derived terms

*-ilingaz

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ingaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *-ing
- Old English: -ing
  - Middle English: -ing, -yng
    - English: -ing
    - Scots: -ing, -in, -een
- Old Frisian: -ing
  - Saterland Frisian: -ing
  - West Frisian: -ing
- Old Saxon: -ing
  - Middle Low German: -inc
    - German Low German: -ing
- Old Dutch: -ing
  - Middle Dutch: -inc
    - Dutch: -ing (also -ink in names)
- Old High German: -ing
  - Middle High German: -inc
    - German: -ing
Old Norse: -ingr
- Icelandic: -ingur
- Faroese: -ingur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
- Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
- Old Swedish: -inger
  - Swedish: -ing, -ling
- Danish: -ing
→ Vulgar Latin: *-ingus, *-engus
- Spanish: -(l)engo
- French: -(l)ingien, -(l)ange, -(l)ans, -(l)ine, -(l)ingues
- Italian: -ingo, -engo, -lengo
- Galician: -(l)engo
- Portuguese: -engo
- Occitan: -enc
- Catalan: -enc

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