< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic

Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/lehmä

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä, possibly borrowed from a substrate language[1][2] (the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate). Has also been hypothetized to be associated with the phonetically quite similar *lëhmus (“lime; soft wood”), through a sense development "soft" > "tame" > "domestic animal". Alternately, Katz (2003) speculates on borrowing from pre-Indo-Iranian *lekšma- (“marked”) (compare Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī), लक्ष्मन् (lakṣman)), through the meaning "animal marked as owned".

Noun

*lehmä[3]

  1. cow

Inflection
Inflection of *lehmä
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *lehmä *lehmät
accusative *lehmän *lehmät
genitive *lehmän *lehmäden
*lehmeiden
partitive *lehmädä *lehmeidä
inessive *lehmässä
*lehmähnä		 *lehmeissä
*lehmeihnä
elative *lehmästä *lehmeistä
illative *lehmähen *lehmeihen
adessive *lehmällä *lehmeillä
ablative *lehmältä *lehmeiltä
allative *lehmälen
*lehmälek		 *lehmeilen
*lehmeilek
essive *lehmänä *lehmeinä
translative *lehmäksi *lehmeiksi
instructive *lehmän *lehmein
comitative *lehmänek *lehmeinek
abessive *lehmättä *lehmeittä

Coordinate terms

Descendants
  • Estonian: lehm
  • Finnish: lehmä
  • Ingrian: lehmä
  • Karelian:
  • Livonian:
    • Courland Livonian: nī’em, nī’emõ
    • Vidzeme Livonian: niem, niema
  • Livvi: lehmy
  • Ludian: lehm
  • Veps: lehm
  • Võro: lehm
  • Votic: lehme
  • → Kemi Sami: [Term?] (lehme)
  • → Skolt Sami: leäʹhm
  • → Akkala Sami: [script needed] (lehm)
  • → Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līx’em’)
  • → Ter Sami: limme
  • → Russian: лейма (lejma)

References
  1. М.А. Живлов. Неиндоевропейский субстрат в финно-волжских языках. X Чтения памяти С.А. Старостина ~ 27 марта 2015
  2. Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “lehmä”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎ (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-02
  3. Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*lehmä”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto‎ (in Finnish)
  • “lehm”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  • Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
  • Katz, Hartmut (2003) Studien zu den älteren indoiranischen Lehnwörtern in den uralischen Sprachen (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3. Reihe) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter
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