< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kostadak
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
According to Koivulehto, borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *goys-éye- or its Pre-Germanic descendant (whence German kehren) and derived with + *-tadak.[1]
Inflection
Inflection of *kostadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *kostan | *kostëin | — | *kostagon |
| 2nd sing. | *kostat | *kostëit | *kostak | *kostagos |
| 3rd sing. | *kostabi *kosta |
*kostëi | *kostagasën | *kostagosën |
| 1st plur. | *kostakmëk *kostakmak |
*kostëimëk *kostëimak |
*kostagatëmëk *kostagatamak |
*kostagotëmëk *kostagotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *kostaktëk *kostaktak |
*kostëidëk *kostëidak |
*kostagatë *kostagata |
*kostagot'ëk *kostagotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *kostabat *kosta |
*kostëi | *kostagasën | *kostagosën |
| passive | *kostaksën *kostat'aksën |
*kostadisën *kostattisën |
*kostadakahën *kostattakahën |
*kostadakohën *kostattakohën |
| connegative | *kostak | — | *kostagak | *kostagok |
| passive connegative | *kostaktak | — | *kostadagak *kostattagak |
*kostadagok *kostattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *kostakcin | *kostëicin | *kostanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *kostakcit | *kostëicit | *kostanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *kostakci | *kostëici | *kostani | |
| 1st plur. | *kostakcimëk *kostakcimak |
*kostëicimëk *kostëicimak |
*kostanëmëk *kostanëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *kostakcidëk *kostakcidak |
*kostëicidëk *kostëicidak |
*kostanëdëk *kostanëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *kostakci | *kostëici | *kostani | |
| passive | *kostadakcihën *kostat'akcihën |
*kostadicihën *kostatticihën |
*kostadanëhën *kostattanëhën | |
| connegative | *kostakcik | *kostëicik | *kostanëk | |
| passive connegative | *kostadakcik *kostat'akcik |
*kostadicik *kostatticik |
*kostadanëk *kostattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *kostadak | present | *kostaba | *kostadapa *kostattapa |
| infinitive 2 | *kostadë- | past | *kostanut | *kostadu *kostattu |
| gerund/supine | *kostama | |||
| action noun | *kostaminen | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: kostma/kosta (“to come out/from (of a sound), be heard; to answer”)
- Finnish: kostaa (“to avenge”), ⇒ koste (“small calm place in a flowing body of water”)
- → Northern Sami: goastit
- Ingrian: kostaa (“to reward”)
- Karelian:
- Livonian: kuostõ (“to answer”)
- Livvi: kostoa (“to shield from wind”)
- Võro: kostma/kostaq (“to come out/from (of a sound), be heard; to answer”)
Further reading
- “kostma”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
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