Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa

From Proto-Uralic *-pa.

Four allomorphs can be distinguished: *-pa, *-pä were used after stressed syllables, *-ba, *-bä after unstressed ones; *-pa, *-ba were used in words with back vowel harmony, *-pä, *-bä in words with front vowel harmony.

*-pa / *-pä

1. -ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective.
2. (clarification of this definition is needed) Forms adjectives from nouns.

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

• *-pi

• Estonian: -v
• Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)
• Ingrian: -va
• Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)
• Veps: -b
• Võro: -v
• Votic: -va

Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic.[1][2] However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö), Udmurt [script needed] (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.

*-pa

1. An emphatic particle.

• Finnish: -pa
• Ingrian: -pa