< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/sniyeti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin”).[1]
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *sniyū | *sniyemam | *sisnāsū | *sesnū |
| 2nd singular | *sniyesi | *sniyetās | *sisnāsesi | *sesnūs |
| 3rd singular | *sniyeti | *sniyeto | *sisnāseti | *sesnū |
| 1st plural | *sniyomosi | *sniyemo | *sisnāsomosi | *sesnamo |
| 2nd plural | *sniyetesi | *sniyestē | *sisnāsetesi | *sesnate |
| 3rd plural | *sniyonti | *sniyento | *sisnāsonti | *sesnar |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | ? | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | ? | ? | *sniye | |
| 3rd singular | ? | ? | *sniyetou | |
| 1st plural | ? | ? | *sniyomos | |
| 2nd plural | ? | ? | *sniyete | |
| 3rd plural | ? | ? | *sniyontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *sniyūr | — | *sisnāsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *sniyetar | — | *sisnāsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *sniyetor | ? | *sisnāsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *sniyommor | — | *sisnāsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *sniyedwe | — | *sisnāsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *sniyontor | ? | *sisnāsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | ? | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | ? | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | ? | — | — | |
| 1st plural | ? | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | ? | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | ? | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *snītos | *snītou | *snītoi |
| vocative | *snīte | *snītou | *snītoi |
| accusative | *snītom | *snītou | *snītoms |
| genitive | *snītī | *snītous | *snītom |
| dative | *snītūi | *snītobom | *snītobos |
| instrumental | *snītū | *snītobim | *snītobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *snītā | *snītai | *snītās |
| vocative | *snītā | *snītai | *snītās |
| accusative | *snītam | *snītai | *snītams |
| genitive | *snītās | *snītous | *snītom |
| dative | *snītai | *snītābom | *snītābos |
| instrumental | *? | *snītābim | *snītābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *snītom | *snītou | *snītā |
| vocative | *snītom | *snītou | *snītā |
| accusative | *snītom | *snītou | *snītā |
| genitive | *snītī | *snītous | *snītom |
| dative | *snītūi | *snītobom | *snītobos |
| instrumental | *snītū | *snītobim | *snītobis |
Reconstruction notes
The short i in the verb is often reconstructed to account for the Brittonic forms like Welsh nyddu, but this complicates the etymology significantly as a long *ī is expected from the root in the e-grade and *ā in the zero-grade. The expected e-grade *ī appears in the verbal noun *snīmus. Schumacher explains the discrepancy by assuming that the expected *ī would break up across a hiatus that would be created in a thematic formation *sneh₁eti: *-eh₁e- > *-īe- > *-iye-.[2]
Alternative theories about the verb formation also exist, including:
- Zair reconstructs *snīyeti (< Proto-Indo-European *sneh₁-ye-) with a straightforward long *ī present and explains the Brittonic forms as having a secondarily shortened vowel.[3]
- Sandell, following Jasanoff, reconstructs *snīti, a Narten-ablaut athematic present.[4]
Derived terms
- *kom-sniyeti
- *snī-mus (verbal noun)
Descendants
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 350
- Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 598-600
- Zair, Nicholas (2015 November 13) “Old Irish gniid ‘makes, does’, Middle Welsh gweinydaf ‘serve’, and i-presents”, in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, volume 62, number 1, , →ISSN, pages 213–222
- Sandell, Ryan (2011) “Evidence for Indo-European Acrostatic Presents in Old Irish?”, in Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, volume 31, Department of Celtic Languages & Literatures, Harvard University, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved September 3, 2022, pages 282–304
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