Reconstruction:Old Persian/jamānā

This Old Persian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Old Persian

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *ǰámaHnaH.

Noun

*jamānā[1][2]

time
hour

Descendants

Middle Persian: (/⁠zamān⁠/)
Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫀𐫗 (zmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ẕmʾn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ODNA)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭣𐭭𐭠 (ODNA)
- Persian: زمان (zamân)
  - → Armenian: զաման (zaman)
  - → Azerbaijani: zaman
  - → Bashkir: заман (zaman)
  - → Gilaki: [script needed] (zəmån)
  - → Kazakh: заман (zaman)
  - → Kermanic:
    Qohrudi: zamān
  - → Khalaj: zamân
  - → Central Kurdish: زه‌مان (zeman)
  - → Kyrgyz: заман (zaman)
  - → Malay: زمان / zaman
    - Indonesian: zaman, jaman
  - → Ossetian: за́ман (záman)
  - → Pashto: زمانه (zamâna)
  - → Ottoman Turkish: زمان (zaman)
    - → Turkish: zaman
    - → Greek: ζαμάνι (zamáni)
    - → Albanian: zaman
    - → Serbo-Croatian: заман
  - → Tatar: заман (zaman)
  - → Waigali: zëmën
→ Akkadian: 𒋛𒈠𒉡 (si-ma-nu /⁠simānu⁠/)[3]
→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡍𐡀 (zmnʾ)[4][5][2][6] (see there for further descendants)

References

Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017) Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 68: “OP *jamāna- > MP zamān”
Hinz, Walther (1975) “*jamāna-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 142
contra Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 91–92, the chronology still allows this, and an isolated Old Babylonian discovery for otherwise late occurrence shapes an exception that proves the rule.
Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 152
Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 92–93
Panaino, Antonio (2017) “The Origins of Middle Persian Zamān and Related Words: A Controversial Etymological History”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎, volume 21, number 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 150–195

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[1] Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017) Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 68: “OP *jamāna- > MP zamān”

[Hinz-2] Hinz, Walther (1975) “*jamāna-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 142

[3] tra Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 91–92, the chronology still allows this, and an isolated Old Babylonian discovery for otherwise late occurrence shapes an exception that proves the rule.

[4] Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 152

[5] Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 92–93

[6] Panaino, Antonio (2017) “The Origins of Middle Persian Zamān and Related Words: A Controversial Etymological History”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎, volume 21, number 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 150–195