-iainen

See also: -iäinen and iäinen

Finnish

Etymology

-ja +‎ -inen. The suffix is spelled inconsistently as either -iainen or -jainen depending on the root word.

Details
  • -jainen is the original form of the suffix, while the former contains a preceding -i- (including those that derive from an underlying -e-), with the -j- not spelled as a result. In the past, a similar kind of vacillation occurred in the spelling of -ja derivatives, although they eventually settled into a spelling in which the -j- was always spelled (tulija, pro tulia). However, that development did not extend to this suffix, as its origin had by then been forgotten.
  • A regular derivative of many verbs would have a long vowel, as it is part of the stem; thus, avajaiset should more correctly be *avaajaiset. The shortening may be by analogy.
  • The use of the suffix in diminutive, often vulgar, nouns, such as those for insects, appears to follow the example of ampiainen, tuuliainen, but -ias may have also served as an inspiration.

Suffix

-iainen (front vowel harmony variant -iäinen, linguistic notation -iAinen)

  1. Forms certain nouns.
    ‎tulla (“to come”) + ‎-iainen → ‎tuliainen (“souvenir”)
  2. (in the plural) Forms names of ceremonies from verbs or nouns.
    ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-iainen → ‎avajaiset (“opening”)
    ‎haudata (“to bury”) + ‎-iainen → ‎hautajaiset (“funeral”)
    ‎fuksi (“university freshman”) + ‎-iainen → ‎fuksiaiset (“initiation ritual event in a university”)
  3. Forms certain nouns, particularly vulgar nouns or names of insects.
    ‎paska (“shit”) + ‎-iainen → ‎paskiainen (“bastard, asshole”)
    ‎muta (“mud”) + ‎-iainen → ‎mutiainen (“dark-skinned person”)
    ‎kuori (“crust”) + ‎-iainen → ‎kuoriainen (“beetle”)
    ‎ripsi (“cilium”) + ‎-iainen → ‎ripsiäinen (“thrips”)

Declension
Inflection of -iainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
nominative -iainen -iaiset
genitive -iaisen -iaisten
-iaisien
partitive -iaista -iaisia
illative -iaiseen -iaisiin
singular plural
nominative -iainen -iaiset
accusative nom. -iainen -iaiset
gen. -iaisen
genitive -iaisen -iaisten
-iaisien
partitive -iaista -iaisia
inessive -iaisessa -iaisissa
elative -iaisesta -iaisista
illative -iaiseen -iaisiin
adessive -iaisella -iaisilla
ablative -iaiselta -iaisilta
allative -iaiselle -iaisille
essive -iaisena -iaisina
translative -iaiseksi -iaisiksi
abessive -iaisetta -iaisitta
instructive — -iaisin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of -iainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -iaiseni -iaiseni
accusative nom. -iaiseni -iaiseni
gen. -iaiseni
genitive -iaiseni -iaisteni
-iaisieni
partitive -iaistani -iaisiani
inessive -iaisessani -iaisissani
elative -iaisestani -iaisistani
illative -iaiseeni -iaisiini
adessive -iaisellani -iaisillani
ablative -iaiseltani -iaisiltani
allative -iaiselleni -iaisilleni
essive -iaisenani -iaisinani
translative -iaisekseni -iaisikseni
abessive -iaisettani -iaisittani
instructive — —
comitative — -iaisineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative -iaisesi -iaisesi
accusative nom. -iaisesi -iaisesi
gen. -iaisesi
genitive -iaisesi -iaistesi
-iaisiesi
partitive -iaistasi -iaisiasi
inessive -iaisessasi -iaisissasi
elative -iaisestasi -iaisistasi
illative -iaiseesi -iaisiisi
adessive -iaisellasi -iaisillasi
ablative -iaiseltasi -iaisiltasi
allative -iaisellesi -iaisillesi
essive -iaisenasi -iaisinasi
translative -iaiseksesi -iaisiksesi
abessive -iaisettasi -iaisittasi
instructive — —
comitative — -iaisinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -iaisemme -iaisemme
accusative nom. -iaisemme -iaisemme
gen. -iaisemme
genitive -iaisemme -iaistemme
-iaisiemme
partitive -iaistamme -iaisiamme
inessive -iaisessamme -iaisissamme
elative -iaisestamme -iaisistamme
illative -iaiseemme -iaisiimme
adessive -iaisellamme -iaisillamme
ablative -iaiseltamme -iaisiltamme
allative -iaisellemme -iaisillemme
essive -iaisenamme -iaisinamme
translative -iaiseksemme -iaisiksemme
abessive -iaisettamme -iaisittamme
instructive — —
comitative — -iaisinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative -iaisenne -iaisenne
accusative nom. -iaisenne -iaisenne
gen. -iaisenne
genitive -iaisenne -iaistenne
-iaisienne
partitive -iaistanne -iaisianne
inessive -iaisessanne -iaisissanne
elative -iaisestanne -iaisistanne
illative -iaiseenne -iaisiinne
adessive -iaisellanne -iaisillanne
ablative -iaiseltanne -iaisiltanne
allative -iaisellenne -iaisillenne
essive -iaisenanne -iaisinanne
translative -iaiseksenne -iaisiksenne
abessive -iaisettanne -iaisittanne
instructive — —
comitative — -iaisinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative -iaisensa -iaisensa
accusative nom. -iaisensa -iaisensa
gen. -iaisensa
genitive -iaisensa -iaistensa
-iaisiensa
partitive -iaistaan
-iaistansa		 -iaisiaan
-iaisiansa
inessive -iaisessaan
-iaisessansa		 -iaisissaan
-iaisissansa
elative -iaisestaan
-iaisestansa		 -iaisistaan
-iaisistansa
illative -iaiseensa -iaisiinsa
adessive -iaisellaan
-iaisellansa		 -iaisillaan
-iaisillansa
ablative -iaiseltaan
-iaiseltansa		 -iaisiltaan
-iaisiltansa
allative -iaiselleen
-iaisellensa		 -iaisilleen
-iaisillensa
essive -iaisenaan
-iaisenansa		 -iaisinaan
-iaisinansa
translative -iaisekseen
-iaiseksensa		 -iaisikseen
-iaisiksensa
abessive -iaisettaan
-iaisettansa		 -iaisittaan
-iaisittansa
instructive — —
comitative — -iaisineen
-iaisinensa

Derived terms
Finnish terms suffixed with -iainen
compounds

References
  • Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
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