-esso
Latin
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Identical in form to the archaic future perfects in -āssō, -āssere, etc., attested contemporary with Ennius, viz. amāssis, levāssō, impetrāssere, and iūdicāssit, respectively of amō, levō, impetrō, and iūdicō.[1][2] Origin cited as not fully explained. Perhaps connected with a kind of prolepsis invoking a counterfactual use of aspect for emphasis.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈes.soː/, [ˈɛs̠ːoː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈes.so/, [ˈɛsːo]
Suffix
-essō (present infinitive -essere, perfect active -essīvī or -essiī or -essī, supine -essītum); third conjugation
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -essō (third conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -essō | -essis | -essit | -essimus | -essitis | -essunt |
| imperfect | -essēbam | -essēbās | -essēbat | -essēbāmus | -essēbātis | -essēbant | |
| future | -essam | -essēs | -esset | -essēmus | -essētis | -essent | |
| perfect | -essīvī, -essiī, -essī |
-essīvistī, -essiistī, -essistī |
-essīvit, -essiit, -essit |
-essīvimus, -essiimus, -essimus |
-essīvistis, -essiistis, -essistis |
-essīvērunt, -essīvēre, -essiērunt, -essiēre, -essērunt, -essēre | |
| pluperfect | -essīveram, -essieram, -esseram |
-essīverās, -essierās, -esserās |
-essīverat, -essierat, -esserat |
-essīverāmus, -essierāmus, -esserāmus |
-essīverātis, -essierātis, -esserātis |
-essīverant, -essierant, -esserant | |
| future perfect | -essīverō, -essierō, -esserō |
-essīveris, -essieris, -esseris |
-essīverit, -essierit, -esserit |
-essīverimus, -essierimus, -esserimus |
-essīveritis, -essieritis, -esseritis |
-essīverint, -essierint, -esserint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
| passive | present | -essor | -esseris, -essere |
-essitur | -essimur | -essiminī | -essuntur |
| imperfect | -essēbar | -essēbāris, -essēbāre |
-essēbātur | -essēbāmur | -essēbāminī | -essēbantur | |
| future | -essar | -essēris, -essēre |
-essētur | -essēmur | -essēminī | -essentur | |
| perfect | -essītus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -essītus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -essītus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -essam | -essās | -essat | -essāmus | -essātis | -essant |
| imperfect | -esserem | -esserēs | -esseret | -esserēmus | -esserētis | -esserent | |
| perfect | -essīverim, -essierim, -esserim |
-essīverīs, -essierīs, -esserīs |
-essīverit, -essierit, -esserit |
-essīverīmus, -essierīmus, -esserīmus |
-essīverītis, -essierītis, -esserītis |
-essīverint, -essierint, -esserint | |
| pluperfect | -essīvissem, -essiissem, -essissem |
-essīvissēs, -essiissēs, -essissēs |
-essīvisset, -essiisset, -essisset |
-essīvissēmus, -essiissēmus, -essissēmus |
-essīvissētis, -essiissētis, -essissētis |
-essīvissent, -essiissent, -essissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
| passive | present | -essar | -essāris, -essāre |
-essātur | -essāmur | -essāminī | -essantur |
| imperfect | -esserer | -esserēris, -esserēre |
-esserētur | -esserēmur | -esserēminī | -esserentur | |
| perfect | -essītus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -essītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -esse | — | — | -essite | — |
| future | — | -essitō | -essitō | — | -essitōte | -essuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -essere | — | — | -essiminī | — |
| future | — | -essitor | -essitor | — | — | -essuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -essere | -essīvisse, -essiisse, -essisse |
-essītūrum esse | -essī | -essītum esse | -essītum īrī | |
| participles | -essēns | — | -essītūrus | — | -essītus | -essendus, -essundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -essendī | -essendō | -essendum | -essendō | -essītum | -essītū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.