𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

If not a ghost word, from Proto-Germanic *nīwaną (“to grudge”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈniːwan/

Verb

𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 • (neiwan)

(hapax) to grudge

Usage notes

Likely a ghost word: occurs only once as a past tense 𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅 (naiw), which is apparently a modern misreading (Lehmann 1986: 265; 332-333) of 𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂 (naiswōr).

Conjugation

Class 1 strong
Infinitive	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 neiwan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 neiwa	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅 naiw	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰 neiwada
2nd singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃 neiwis	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍄 naiwt	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌶𐌰 neiwaza
3rd singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌸 neiwiþ	𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅 naiw	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰 neiwada
1st dual	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍉𐍃 neiwōs	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌿 niwu	—
2nd dual	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍃 neiwats	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌿𐍄𐍃 niwuts	—
1st plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌼 neiwam	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌿𐌼 niwum	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 neiwanda
2nd plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌸 neiwiþ	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌿𐌸 niwuþ	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 neiwanda
3rd plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 neiwand	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌿𐌽 niwun	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 neiwanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌿 neiwau	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌿 niwjau	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwaidau
2nd singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍃 neiwais	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 niweis	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 neiwaizau
3rd singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹 neiwai	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌹 niwi	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwaidau
1st dual	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 neiwaiwa	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 niweiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 neiwaits	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 niweits	—
1st plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 neiwaima	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 niweima	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwaindau
2nd plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌸 neiwaiþ	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌸 niweiþ	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwaindau
3rd plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 neiwaina	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 niweina	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅 neiw
3rd singular	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwadau
2nd dual	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍃 neiwats
2nd plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌸 neiwiþ
3rd plural	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 neiwandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 neiwands	𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 niwans

References

Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (Leiden 1986)

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