곱다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 곱〯다〮 (Yale: kwǒptá).

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈko̞(ː)p̚t͈a̠]
  • Phonetic hangul: [곱(ː)따]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?gopda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?gobda
McCune–Reischauer?kopta
Yale Romanization?kōpta

Adjective

곱다 • (gopda) (irregular, infinitive 고와, sequential 고우니)

  1. (literary, dated for a person) beautiful, pretty, lovely, nice
    고운 아가씨
    goun agassi
    a fair lady
    고운 노랫가락
    goun noraetgarak
    beautiful tunes of music
  2. (literary) to be soft to the touch
    고운 손결
    goun son'gyeol
    the soft touch of her hand
  3. (literary) to be innocently kind-hearted
    고운 마음씨
    goun ma'eumssi
    a kind heart
  4. to be sheltered (chiefly adverbial)
    너무 곱게 자라서 요리도 못해.
    Neomu gopge jaraseo yori-do mothae.
    He grew up too sheltered, so he can't even cook.
Conjugation
    Selected forms of the adjective 곱다 (gopda): consonant-stem, ㅂ(b)-irregular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체)		 Informal non-polite
(해체)		 Informal polite
(해요체)		 Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 곱다
gopda		 고와
gowa		 고와요
gowayo		 곱습니다
gopseumnida
Past 고왔다
gowatda		 고왔어
gowasseo		 고왔어요
gowasseoyo		 고왔습니다
gowatseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 고우냐
gounya		 고와
gowa		 고와요
gowayo		 곱습니까
gopseumnikka
Past 고왔냐
gowannya		 고왔어
gowasseo		 고왔어요
gowasseoyo		 고왔습니까
gowatseumnikka
Assertive 곱겠다
gopgetda		곱겠어
gopgesseo		곱겠어요
gopgesseoyo		곱겠습니다
gopgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 고와
gowa		고와서
gowaseo		고우니
gouni		고우니까
gounikka
Contrast 곱지만
gopjiman		고운데
gounde		곱더니
gopdeoni
Conjunction 곱고
gopgo
Condition 고우면
goumyeon		고와야
gowaya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 고움
goum		곱기
gopgi
Past-tense verbal nouns 고왔음
gowasseum		고왔기
gowatgi
Determiners Present 고운
goun
Future 고울
goul


Sentence-final forms with honorific
Plain (해라체) Informal (해체) Polite (해요체) Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 고우시다
gousida		 고우셔
gousyeo		 고우세요, 고우셔요
gouseyo, gousyeoyo		 고우십니다
gousimnida
Past 고우셨다
gousyeotda		 고우셨어
gousyeosseo		 고우셨어요
gousyeosseoyo		 고우셨습니다
gousyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 고우시냐
gousinya		 고우셔
gousyeo		 고우세요, 고우셔요
gouseyo, gousyeoyo		 고우십니까
gousimnikka
Past 고우셨냐
gousyeonnya		 고우셨어
gousyeosseo		 고우셨어요
gousyeosseoyo		 고우셨습니까
gousyeotseumnikka
Assertive 고우시겠다
gousigetda		고우시겠어
gousigesseo		고우시겠어요
gousigesseoyo		고우시겠습니다
gousigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 고우셔
gousyeo		고우셔서
gousyeoseo		고우시니
gousini		고우시니까
gousinikka
Contrast 고우시지만
gousijiman		고우신데
gousinde		고우시더니
gousideoni
Conjunction 고우시고
gousigo
Condition 고우시면
gousimyeon		고우셔야
gousyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 고우심
gousim		고우시기
gousigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 고우셨음
gousyeosseum		고우셨기
gousyeotgi
Determiners Present 고우신
gousin
Future 고우실
gousil

Etymology 2

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 곱다〮 (Yale: kwòptá).

Pronunciation
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?gopda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?gobda
McCune–Reischauer?kopta
Yale Romanization?kopta

Adjective

곱다 • (gopda) (infinitive 곱아, sequential 곱으니)

  1. to be crooked, be hunched, be curved
Conjugation
    Selected forms of the adjective 곱다 (gopda): consonant-stem, regular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체)		 Informal non-polite
(해체)		 Informal polite
(해요체)		 Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 곱다
gopda		 곱아
goba		 곱아요
gobayo		 곱습니다
gopseumnida
Past 곱았다
gobatda		 곱았어
gobasseo		 곱았어요
gobasseoyo		 곱았습니다
gobatseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 곱으냐
gobeunya		 곱아
goba		 곱아요
gobayo		 곱습니까
gopseumnikka
Past 곱았냐
gobannya		 곱았어
gobasseo		 곱았어요
gobasseoyo		 곱았습니까
gobatseumnikka
Assertive 곱겠다
gopgetda		곱겠어
gopgesseo		곱겠어요
gopgesseoyo		곱겠습니다
gopgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 곱아
goba		곱아서
gobaseo		곱으니
gobeuni		곱으니까
gobeunikka
Contrast 곱지만
gopjiman		곱은데
gobeunde		곱더니
gopdeoni
Conjunction 곱고
gopgo
Condition 곱으면
gobeumyeon		곱아야
gobaya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 곱음
gobeum		곱기
gopgi
Past-tense verbal nouns 곱았음
gobasseum		곱았기
gobatgi
Determiners Present 곱은
gobeun
Future 곱을
gobeul


Sentence-final forms with honorific
Plain (해라체) Informal (해체) Polite (해요체) Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 곱으시다
gobeusida		 곱으셔
gobeusyeo		 곱으세요, 곱으셔요
gobeuseyo, gobeusyeoyo		 곱으십니다
gobeusimnida
Past 곱으셨다
gobeusyeotda		 곱으셨어
gobeusyeosseo		 곱으셨어요
gobeusyeosseoyo		 곱으셨습니다
gobeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 곱으시냐
gobeusinya		 곱으셔
gobeusyeo		 곱으세요, 곱으셔요
gobeuseyo, gobeusyeoyo		 곱으십니까
gobeusimnikka
Past 곱으셨냐
gobeusyeonnya		 곱으셨어
gobeusyeosseo		 곱으셨어요
gobeusyeosseoyo		 곱으셨습니까
gobeusyeotseumnikka
Assertive 곱으시겠다
gobeusigetda		곱으시겠어
gobeusigesseo		곱으시겠어요
gobeusigesseoyo		곱으시겠습니다
gobeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 곱으셔
gobeusyeo		곱으셔서
gobeusyeoseo		곱으시니
gobeusini		곱으시니까
gobeusinikka
Contrast 곱으시지만
gobeusijiman		곱으신데
gobeusinde		곱으시더니
gobeusideoni
Conjunction 곱으시고
gobeusigo
Condition 곱으시면
gobeusimyeon		곱으셔야
gobeusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 곱으심
gobeusim		곱으시기
gobeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 곱으셨음
gobeusyeosseum		곱으셨기
gobeusyeotgi
Determiners Present 곱으신
gobeusin
Future 곱으실
gobeusil

References
  • National Institute of the Korean Language (Naver.com mirror) (2007 May 27 (last accessed)) “곱다 [gopda]”, in 표준국어대사전 [pyojun'gugeodaesajeon]‎
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