ꜥš

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕoːʃ/

Verb
a
S		 A2

 2-lit.

  1. (intransitive with n or r or transitive) to summon (someone), to call (someone) over
  2. (intransitive, with n or r) to call out to (someone)
  3. (intransitive, with n or r) to call on (a god) for aid, to invoke
  4. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to specify, to provide (a name), to name names
  5. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to read (something) aloud [since the 19th Dynasty]
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥš (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥš, geminated stem: ꜥšš
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ꜥš
 ꜥšw, ꜥš
 ꜥšt
 ꜥš, j.ꜥš
 ꜥš, j.ꜥš
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ꜥš
 ḥr ꜥš
 m ꜥš
 r ꜥš
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect ꜥš.n
 ꜥšw, ꜥš
 consecutive ꜥš.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative ꜥšt
perfective3 ꜥš
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 ꜥš.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective ꜥš, j.ꜥš1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 ꜥš
 ꜥšš
 potentialis1 ꜥš.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive ꜥš, j.ꜥš1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect ꜥš.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective ꜥš
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 ꜥš
 ꜥšš, ꜥššj6, ꜥš2, ꜥšw2 5, ꜥšy2 5
imperfective j.ꜥš1, ꜥš, ꜥšy, ꜥšw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 j.ꜥš1, j.ꜥšw1 5, ꜥš, ꜥšj6, ꜥšy6
 ꜥš, ꜥšw5
prospective ꜥš, ꜥštj7
 — ꜥštj4, ꜥšt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms

Allen considers the form jꜣš a Middle Kingdom development, with the ayin having become a glottal stop;[1] however, this is in fact the earlier attested variant, and all writings until the 18th Dynasty have ꜣ either instead of or (less commonly) alongside ꜥ. The word only became common in the New Kingdom, however, so that the later renderings as ꜥš are by far the more common variants.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  
iASA2
iAa
S		 A2
ia
S		 A2
a
S		 A26
a
S		 bH
W10
W		 A26
jꜣš jꜣꜥš jꜥš ꜥš ꜥš ꜥw
[Middle Kingdom] [18th to 20th Dynasty] [19th Dynasty] [New Kingdom] [22nd Dynasty] [Greco-Roman Period]
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Demotic: ꜥš
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)

Noun
a
S		 A2

 m

  1. call, summons
Inflection
Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular ꜥš
dual ꜥšwj
plural ꜥšw
Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Derived terms

Pronunciation

Noun
a
S		 M41

 m

  1. a kind of coniferous tree whose wood and resin were used medicinally, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) [since the Old Kingdom]
  2. the wood of this tree
Inflection
Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular ꜥš
dual ꜥšwj
plural ꜥšw
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  
a
S
nw nw nw		 M1
a
S
nw nw nw		 M41
a
S		 M41
a
S		 Aa2
a
S		 Aa2M1
M41
Aa2M1
W10
W		 Aa2M1
ꜥš ꜥš ꜥš ꜥš ꜥš ꜥš ꜥš ꜥw
[Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [since the Middle Kingdom] [since the Middle Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [Greco-Roman Period]
abbreviation abbreviation, in hieratic

Noun
a
S		 Aa2W1

 m

  1. the resin of the ꜥš-tree
    Synonym: sfṯ
Derived terms
  • ḥꜣt-ꜥš
  • ḥꜣt nt ꜥš

Pronunciation

Noun
a
S		 W23

 m

  1. (Late Egyptian) beer jug
Inflection
Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular ꜥš
dual ꜥšwj
plural ꜥšw
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  
a
S		 W
W22
ꜥšw

References
  • “ꜥš (lemma ID 40890)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “ꜥš (lemma ID 40900)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “ꜥš (lemma ID 40940)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “ꜥš (lemma ID 450173)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “ꜥš (lemma ID 40950)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 33, 227.4–227.15, 228.1–228.7
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 8–9, 11, 48–49
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 182, 258, 362.
  • Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217
  1. Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 47
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