ꜣḫ

See also: ꜣḥ

Egyptian
FWOTD – 17 August 2022

Pronunciation
 
  • (noun meaning ‘akh’): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈʀiːχuw/ → /ˈʀiːχuw/ → /ˈʔiːχə/ → /ˈʔiːχ/
 
  • (verb): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ʀaːχ/ → /ʀaːχ/ → /ʔaːχ/ → /ʔoːχ/

Noun
AxZ1
H_SPACE

 m

  1. akh
  2. ghost, spectre, spirit of the dead interfering with the living
  3. Used as an epithet for certain lesser gods and demons [Pyramid Texts]

Inflection
Declension of ꜣḫ (masculine)
singular ꜣḫ
dual ꜣḫwj
plural ꜣḫw

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣḫ  
Ax
AxZ1
H_SPACE		 A52
Axx
H_SPACE		 A51
Axx
H_SPACE
Ax
H_SPACE
ꜣḫ ꜣḫ ꜣḫ ꜣḫ ꜣḫ

Descendants
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲓϧ (ix, “demon”)
  • → English: akh

Noun
AxZ1
H_SPACE

 m

  1. the state of being an akh or qualities pertaining to that state: spiritual power or dignity
    • c. 1458 BCE, Biography of Ineni inscribed on a memorial stele in his tomb in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, line 20:[1]
      r
      n      		 fnfrmr
      Z1      		 anxwZ2ss
      H_SPACE      		 sxAtA2fH_SPACE
      x      		 AxY1
      f      		 nD&t&N17
      rn.f nfr m r(ꜣ) ꜥnḫw sḫꜣt.f ꜣḫ.f n ḏt
      His good name will be in the mouths of the living; his memory and his spiritual completeness are for eternity.
  2. mental faculty or skill

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣḫ  
Ax
Y1
Axx
H_SPACE
Axx
Y1		 Z3
ꜣḫ ꜣḫ ꜣḫ

Verb
Axx
H_SPACE

 2-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to be(come) effective, to be(come) useful
  2. (intransitive) to be(come) splendid, radiant, glorious
  3. (intransitive) to be(come) an akh

Inflection
Conjugation of ꜣḫ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣḫ, geminated stem: ꜣḫḫ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ꜣḫ
 ꜣḫw, ꜣḫ
 ꜣḫt
 ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ
 ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ꜣḫ
 ḥr ꜣḫ
 m ꜣḫ
 r ꜣḫ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect ꜣḫ.n
 consecutive ꜣḫ.jn
terminative ꜣḫt
perfective3 ꜣḫ
 obligative1 ꜣḫ.ḫr
imperfective ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ1
prospective3 ꜣḫ
 potentialis1 ꜣḫ.kꜣ
subjunctive ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ1
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect ꜣḫ.n
 — —
perfective ꜣḫ
 ꜣḫ
 ꜣḫḫ, ꜣḫḫj6, ꜣḫ2, ꜣḫw2 5, ꜣḫy2 5
imperfective j.ꜣḫ1, ꜣḫ, ꜣḫy, ꜣḫw5
 j.ꜣḫ1, j.ꜣḫw1 5, ꜣḫ, ꜣḫj6, ꜣḫy6
 ꜣḫ, ꜣḫw5
prospective ꜣḫ, ꜣḫtj7
 ꜣḫtj4, ꜣḫt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣḫ  
Axx
Y1
Ax
Ax
H_SPACE
Ax
Y1
ꜣḫ ꜣḫ ꜣḫ ꜣḫ
[Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom]

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Old Coptic: ⲁϧ (ax) (used as a magical name in DM 9,5)[2]

Noun
Ax
H_SPACE		 M15

 m

  1. thicket of papyrus

Inflection
Declension of ꜣḫ (masculine)
singular ꜣḫ
dual ꜣḫwj
plural ꜣḫw

Derived terms

References
  1. Sethe, Kurt, Helck, Wolfgang (1906–1958) Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums IV: Urkunden der 18. Dynastie, Leipzig/Berlin: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, pages 62.7–62.8
  2. Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 21
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