ꜣšr

Egyptian

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑʃɛr/
- Conventional anglicization: asher

Verb

3-lit.

(intransitive, chiefly in the stative, of meat, figs, or bread) to be(come) roasted, to roast [since the Pyramid Texts]

Usage notes

Because this verb is almost always found as a stative or a verbal noun, it is difficult to determine whether it means ‘to roast (something)’ or ‘to be roasted’. The latter is suggested by a sentence at Edfu VIII 89.1 where the verb is used in the perfect with a subject referring to what is roasted: jwꜣw mꜣw-ḥḏ rꜣw wnj-mw ꜣšr.n.sn ḥr ḫꜣwt.k (“Cattle, gazelles, geese, enemies, they have been roasted on your altar.”).

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣšr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜣšr, geminated stem: ꜣšrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜣšr	ꜣšrw, ꜣšr	ꜣšrt	ꜣšr	ꜣšr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜣšr	ḥr ꜣšr	m ꜣšr	r ꜣšr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜣšr.n	consecutive	ꜣšr.jn
terminative	ꜣšrt	consecutive	ꜣšr.jn
perfective³	ꜣšr	obligative¹	ꜣšr.ḫr
imperfective	ꜣšr	obligative¹	ꜣšr.ḫr
prospective³	ꜣšr	potentialis¹	ꜣšr.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜣšr	potentialis¹	ꜣšr.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜣšr.n	—	—
perfective	ꜣšr	ꜣšr	ꜣšr, ꜣšrw⁵, ꜣšry⁵
imperfective	ꜣšr, ꜣšry, ꜣšrw⁵	ꜣšr, ꜣšrj⁶, ꜣšry⁶	ꜣšr, ꜣšrw⁵
prospective	ꜣšr, ꜣšrtj⁷	ꜣšrtj⁴, ꜣšrt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

Noun

m

roast meat, including burnt offerings [since the Middle Kingdom]

Inflection

Declension of ꜣšr (masculine)

singular	ꜣšr
dual	ꜣšrwj
plural	ꜣšrw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣšr

ꜣšr

jšr

[Late Period]

[Greco-Roman Period]

References

Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 21.4–21.9
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 6

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