負ける

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
負
ま
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese 負く (maku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern, from Proto-Japonic *maku.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) まける [màkérú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ma̠ke̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "負ける"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 負ける まける [màkérú]
Imperative (命令形) 負けろ まけろ [màkéró]
Key constructions
Passive 負けられる まけられる [màkérárérú]
Causative 負けさせる まけさせる [màkésásérú]
Potential 負けられる まけられる [màkérárérú]
Volitional 負けよう まけよ​ー [màkéyóꜜò]
Negative 負けない まけない [màkénáí]
Negative perfective 負けなかった まけな​かった [màkénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 負けます まけま​す [màkémáꜜsù]
Perfective 負けた まけた [màkétá]
Conjunctive 負けて まけて [màkété]
Hypothetical conditional 負ければ まけれ​ば [màkéréꜜbà]

Verb

負(ま)ける • (makeru) transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 負(ま)け (make), past 負(ま)けた (maketa))

Japanese verb pair
active 負かす
mediopassive 負ける
Sense: "to lose"
Japanese verb pair
active 負ける
mediopassive 負かる
Sense: "to reduce price"
  1. (intransitive) to lose; to be defeated
    Antonym: 勝つ (katsu)
  2. (transitive) to lower in price

Conjugation
Conjugation of "負ける" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 負け まけ make
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 負け まけ make
Shūshikei ("terminal") 負ける まける makeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 負ける まける makeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 負けれ まけれ makere
Meireikei ("imperative") 負けよ¹
負けろ²		 まけよ¹
まけろ²		 makeyo¹
makero²
Key constructions
Passive 負けられる まけられる makerareru
Causative 負けさせる
負けさす		 まけさせる
まけさす		 makesaseru
makesasu
Potential 負けられる
負けれる³		 まけられる
まけれる³		 makerareru
makereru³
Volitional 負けよう まけよう makeyō
Negative 負けない
負けぬ
負けん		 まけない
まけぬ
まけん		 makenai
makenu
maken
Negative continuative 負けず まけず makezu
Formal 負けます まけます makemasu
Perfective 負けた まけた maketa
Conjunctive 負けて まけて makete
Hypothetical conditional 負ければ まければ makereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

Suffix

負(ま)ける • (-makeru) ichidan (stem 負(ま)け (-make), past 負(ま)けた (-maketa))

  1. to lose when doing something
    Antonym: 勝つ (katsu)
    早押(はやお)しクイズで押(お)し負(ま)ける
    hayaoshi kuizu de oshi-makeru
    to lose to someone in a quiz by pressing the buzzer too slow

References
  1. “負”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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