築く

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
築
きず
Grade: 5
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
塑

From Old Japanese, attested in the Izumo Fudoki completed in 733.[1]

By surface analysis, 杵 (ki, “mallet, pounder, pestle”, from which きね (kine) “pestle” is also derived[2]) +‎ 築く (tsuku, “to build up, to pile up, to amass”, see below),[1][3] for a base sense of “to make something using a pounder or mallet”,[1] much as when building up rammed earth or stonework.

This term as 杵 (ki, “pounder”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) then underwent conflation with, or was reanalysed as, 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) with a basic sense of “to construct”. This latter derivation is given as the only etymology in some references.[4][5][6] However, the “to construct” sense is attested centuries later in 1081.[1] Moreover, the “castle, fortress” sense for the initial ki- element was pronounced in Old Japanese as /ki2/, while the “pounder, mallet” sense was pronounced /ki1/.[1]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "築く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 築く きず​く [kìzúꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形) 築け きず​け [kìzúꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive 築かれる きずかれ​る [kìzúkáréꜜrù]
Causative 築かせる きずかせ​る [kìzúkáséꜜrù]
Potential 築ける きずけ​る [kìzúkéꜜrù]
Volitional 築こう きずこ​ー [kìzúkóꜜò]
Negative 築かない きずか​ない [kìzúkáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 築かなかった きずか​なかった [kìzúkáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 築きます きずきま​す [kìzúkímáꜜsù]
Perfective 築いた きず​いた [kìzúꜜìtà]
Conjunctive 築いて きず​いて [kìzúꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 築けば きず​けば [kìzúꜜkèbà]

Verb

築(きず)く • (kizuku) ←きづく (kiduku)?transitive godan (stem 築(きず)き (kizuki), past 築(きず)いた (kizuita))

  1. [from 733] to build up
  2. [from 1081] to construct (a castle, fort, etc.)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 築か きずか kizuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 築き きずき kizuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 築く きずく kizuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 築く きずく kizuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 築け きずけ kizuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 築け きずけ kizuke
Key constructions
Passive 築かれる きずかれる kizukareru
Causative 築かせる
築かす		 きずかせる
きずかす		 kizukaseru
kizukasu
Potential 築ける きずける kizukeru
Volitional 築こう きずこう kizukō
Negative 築かない きずかない kizukanai
Negative continuative 築かず きずかず kizukazu
Formal 築きます きずきます kizukimasu
Perfective 築いた きずいた kizuita
Conjunctive 築いて きずいて kizuite
Hypothetical conditional 築けば きずけば kizukeba
Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 築かきづかkiduka
Continuative (連用形) 築ききづきkiduki
Terminal (終止形) 築くきづくkiduku
Attributive (連体形) 築くきづくkiduku
Realis (已然形) 築けきづけkiduke
Imperative (命令形) 築けきづけkiduke
Key constructions
Negative 築かずきづかずkidukazu
Contrasting conjunction 築けどきづけどkidukedo
Causal conjunction 築けばきづけばkidukeba
Conditional conjunction 築かばきづかばkidukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 築きききづききkidukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 築きけりきづきけりkidukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 築きつきづきつkidukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 築きぬきづきぬkidukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 築けり
築きたり		きづけり
きづきたり		kidukeri
kidukitari
Volitional 築かむきづかむkidukamu

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
築
つ
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Cognate with Japanese 突く (tsuku).[8][4][5][6]

Verb

築(つ)く • (tsuku) transitive godan (stem 築(つ)き (tsuki), past 築(つ)いた (tsuita))

  1. [from 712] to build up, to pile up, to amass
Conjugation
Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 築か つか tsuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 築き つき tsuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 築く つく tsuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 築く つく tsuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 築け つけ tsuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 築け つけ tsuke
Key constructions
Passive 築かれる つかれる tsukareru
Causative 築かせる
築かす		 つかせる
つかす		 tsukaseru
tsukasu
Potential 築ける つける tsukeru
Volitional 築こう つこう tsukō
Negative 築かない つかない tsukanai
Negative continuative 築かず つかず tsukazu
Formal 築きます つきます tsukimasu
Perfective 築いた ついた tsuita
Conjunctive 築いて ついて tsuite
Hypothetical conditional 築けば つけば tsukeba
Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 築かつかtuka
Continuative (連用形) 築きつきtuki
Terminal (終止形) 築くつくtuku
Attributive (連体形) 築くつくtuku
Realis (已然形) 築けつけtuke
Imperative (命令形) 築けつけtuke
Key constructions
Negative 築かずつかずtukazu
Contrasting conjunction 築けどつけどtukedo
Causal conjunction 築けばつけばtukeba
Conditional conjunction 築かばつかばtukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 築ききつききtukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 築きけりつきけりtukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 築きつつきつtukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 築きぬつきぬtukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 築けり
築きたり		つけり
つきたり		tukeri
tukitari
Volitional 築かむつかむtukamu

References
  1. “築・塑”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. “杵”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  5. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  7. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  8. “突・衝・撞・搗・舂・築・吐”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
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