怖じる
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 怖 |
| お Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Etymology
From Old Japanese verb 怖づ.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.
Verb
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 脅す |
| mediopassive | 怖じる |
怖じる • (ojiru) ←おぢる (odiru)?intransitive ichidan (stem 怖じ (oji), past 怖じた (ojita))
- to be scared
Conjugation
Conjugation of "怖じる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 怖じ | おじ | oji | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 怖じ | おじ | oji | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 怖じる | おじる | ojiru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 怖じる | おじる | ojiru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 怖じれ | おじれ | ojire | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 怖じよ¹ 怖じろ² |
おじよ¹ おじろ² |
ojiyo¹ ojiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 怖じられる | おじられる | ojirareru | |
| Causative | 怖じさせる 怖じさす |
おじさせる おじさす |
ojisaseru ojisasu | |
| Potential | 怖じられる 怖じれる³ |
おじられる おじれる³ |
ojirareru ojireru³ | |
| Volitional | 怖じよう | おじよう | ojiyō | |
| Negative | 怖じない 怖じぬ 怖じん |
おじない おじぬ おじん |
ojinai ojinu ojin | |
| Negative continuative | 怖じず | おじず | ojizu | |
| Formal | 怖じます | おじます | ojimasu | |
| Perfective | 怖じた | おじた | ojita | |
| Conjunctive | 怖じて | おじて | ojite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 怖じれば | おじれば | ojireba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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