伸べる

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
伸
の
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Classical Japanese verb のぶ (nobu). Cognate with Japanese 延(の)べる (noberu) and 述(の)べる (noberu).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) のべ​る [nòbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
  • IPA(key): [no̞be̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

伸(の)べる • (noberu) transitive ichidan (stem 伸(の)べ (nobe), past 伸(の)べた (nobeta))

Japanese verb pair
active 伸べる
mediopassive 伸びる
  1. to lengthen, to extend
    手(て)を伸(の)べて助(たす)けおこす
    te o nobete tasuke okosu
    to extend hands out and help someone up
  2. to unfold; to deploy
    布団(ふとん)を伸(の)べる
    futon o noberu
    to unfold the quilt
  3. to flatten shape; to crush
    飴(あめ)を伸(の)べる
    ame o noberu
    to flatten the sugar
    金(きん)を伸(の)べる
    kin o noberu
    to beat the gold into leaves
  4. (archaic) to relax

Conjugation
Conjugation of "伸べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 伸べ のび nobi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 伸べ のび nobi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 伸べる のびる nobiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 伸べる のびる nobiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 伸べれ のびれ nobire
Meireikei ("imperative") 伸べよ¹
伸べろ²		 のびよ¹
のびろ²		 nobiyo¹
nobiro²
Key constructions
Passive 伸べられる のびられる nobirareru
Causative 伸べさせる
伸べさす		 のびさせる
のびさす		 nobisaseru
nobisasu
Potential 伸べられる
伸べれる³		 のびられる
のびれる³		 nobirareru
nobireru³
Volitional 伸べよう のびよう nobiyō
Negative 伸べない
伸べぬ
伸べん		 のびない
のびぬ
のびん		 nobinai
nobinu
nobin
Negative continuative 伸べず のびず nobizu
Formal 伸べます のびます nobimasu
Perfective 伸べた のびた nobita
Conjunctive 伸べて のびて nobite
Hypothetical conditional 伸べれば のびれば nobireba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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