おっかない

Japanese

Etymology

Uncertain.[1] Perhaps from archaic おおけなし (ookenashi, “impudent, undisciplined”).[2] Alternately, perhaps from おっかながる (okkanagaru, “to be afraid, be nervous”).[3] The Linguistic Atlas of Japan suggested that the word was once common in the Tōhoku and Kantō regions, but it became increasingly colloquial or intimate during the early modern period (c. 17th to 19th century).[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) おっかな​い [òkkánáꜜì] (Nakadaka – [4])[2]
  • IPA(key): [o̞k̚ka̠na̠i]

Adjective

おっかない • (okkanai) -i (adverbial おっかなく (okkanaku))

  1. (colloquial, dated, formerly in Tōhoku, Kantō) frightening; scary
    Synonyms: こわい (kowai), 恐ろしい (osoroshii)

Inflection
Inflection of おっかない
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) おっかなかろ okkanakaro
Continuative (連用形) おっかなく okkanaku
Terminal (終止形) おっかない okkanai
Attributive (連体形) おっかない okkanai
Hypothetical (仮定形) おっかなけれ okkanakere
Imperative (命令形) おっかなかれ okkanakare
Key constructions
Informal negative おっかなくない okkanaku nai
Informal past おっかなかった okkanakatta
Informal negative past おっかなくなかった okkanaku nakatta
Formal おっかないです okkanai desu
Formal negative おっかなくないです okkanaku nai desu
Formal past おっかなかったです okkanakatta desu
Formal negative past おっかなくなかったです okkanaku nakatta desu
Conjunctive おっかなくて okkanakute
Conditional おっかなければ okkanakereba
Provisional おっかなかったら okkanakattara
Volitional おっかなかろう okkanakarō
Adverbial おっかなく okkanaku
Degree おっかなさ okkanasa

References
  1. “おっかない”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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