ἶρις

See also: ίρις and Ἶρις

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ἔρῐς (éris)

Etymology

Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), then from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁i-r(o)- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁i- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). Cognates include English wire, Swedish vira (“to twist”), Latin vieō (“weave together”), Welsh gŵyr (“bent”).

Alternatively, Furnée argues for Pre-Greek origin to account for the irregular variation between ⟨ε⟩ and ⟨ι⟩; Beekes concurs.[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /îː.ris/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ris/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ris/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ris/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ris/

Noun

ἶρις • (îris) f (genitive ῑ̓́ρῐδος); third declension

rainbow
halo
various species of the genus Iris

Declension

Third declension of ἡ ἶρῐς; τῆς ῑ̓́ρῐδος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ ἶρῐς hē îris	τὼ ῑ̓́ρῐδε tṑ ī́ride	αἱ ῑ̓́ρῐδες hai ī́rides
Genitive	τῆς ῑ̓́ρῐδος tês ī́ridos	τοῖν ῑ̓ρῐ́δοιν toîn īrídoin	τῶν ῑ̓ρῐ́δων tôn īrídōn
Dative	τῇ ῑ̓́ρῐδῐ têi ī́ridi	τοῖν ῑ̓ρῐ́δοιν toîn īrídoin	ταῖς ῑ̓́ρῐσῐ / ῑ̓́ρῐσῐν taîs ī́risi(n)
Accusative	τὴν ἶριν / ἴρῐδα tḕn îrin / írida	τὼ ῑ̓́ρῐδε tṑ ī́ride	τᾱ̀ς ῑ̓́ρῐδᾰς tā̀s ī́ridas
Vocative	ἶρι îri	ῑ̓́ρῐδε ī́ride	ῑ̓́ρῐδες ī́rides
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-ds.

Derived terms

ἴρινος (írinos)

References

Furnée, Edzard Johan (1972) Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen (Janua linguarum. Series practica; 150) (in German), The Hague and Paris: Mouton, page 356
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἶρις, -ιδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 598
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2014) “ἶρις, -ιδος”, in Stefan Norbruis, editor, Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 48

“ἶρις”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἶρις”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ἶρις in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- bow idem, page 91.
- iris idem, page 459.
- rain-bow idem, page 669.

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[1] Furnée, Edzard Johan (1972) Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen (Janua linguarum. Series practica; 150) (in German), The Hague and Paris: Mouton, page 356

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἶρις, -ιδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 598

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2014) “ἶρις, -ιδος”, in Stefan Norbruis, editor, Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 48