ἐπιούσιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Unknown. Ultimately either from ἐπῐ́ (epí, “on”) +‎ εἶμῐ (eîmi, “go, come”) or from ἐπῐ́ (epí, “on”) +‎ εἰμῐ́ (eimí, “be”). Possible etymologies include:

  1. From the phrase ἡ ἐπῐοῦσᾰ ἡμέρᾱ (hē epioûsa hēmérā, “the following day”),[1] essentially breaking down into ἐπῐοῦσᾰ (epioûsa, “next, following”) +‎ -ῐος (-ios, adjectival suffix), where ἐπῐοῦσᾰ (epioûsa) is the feminine nominative singular of ἐπῐών (epiṓn) the present participle of ἔπειμῐ (épeimi) (“follow, come after”) from ἐπ- (ep-, “on”) +‎ εἶμῐ (eîmi, “go, come”).
  2. From the phrase ἐπὶ τὴν οὖσᾰν ἡμέρᾱν (epì tḕn oûsan hēmérān, “for the actual/current day, lit. for the day being”),[2] essentially breaking down into ἐπῐ- (epi-, “on”) +‎ οὖσᾰ (oûsa, “being, actual”) +‎ -ῐος (-ios, adjectival suffix), where οὖσᾰ (oûsa) is the feminine nominative singular of ὤν (ṓn), the present participle of εἰμῐ́ (eimí) (“be”).
  3. From ἐπῐ- (epi-, “on”) +‎ οὐσῐ́ᾱ (ousíā, “essence, existence, substance”) +‎ -ῐος (-ios, adjectival suffix), cognate with ἐπουσῐ́ᾱ (epousíā, “surplus”) from ἐπών (epṓn, “remaining”), the present participle of ἔπειμῐ (épeimi) (“remain, be left over”) from ἐπ- (ep-, “on”) +‎ εἰμῐ́ (eimí, “be”), but a separate Koine innovation of the roots to explain why the iota of ἐπῐ́ (epí) was not dropped.

Not attested outside of the Lord's Prayer in Matthew 6:11 and Luke 11:3, in the phrase τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπῐούσῐον (tòn árton hēmôn tòn epioúsion), traditionally rendered as "our daily bread".

Adjective

ἐπῐούσῐος • (epioúsios) m or f (neuter ἐπῐούσῐον); second declension

  1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
    1. for tomorrow, for the future (for possible etymology #1)
    2. daily, sufficient for the day (for possible etymology #2)
    3. essential, necessary, supersubstantial (for possible etymology #3)

Inflection
Second declension of ἐπῐούσῐος; ἐπῐούσῐον (Attic)
Number Singular Dual Plural
Case/Gender Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter
Nominative ἐπῐούσῐος
epioúsios		 ἐπῐούσῐον
epioúsion		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ω
epiousíō		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ω
epiousíō		 ἐπῐούσῐοι
epioúsioi		 ἐπῐούσῐᾰ
epioúsia
Genitive ἐπῐουσῐ́ου
epiousíou		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ου
epiousíou		 ἐπῐουσῐ́οιν
epiousíoin		 ἐπῐουσῐ́οιν
epiousíoin		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ων
epiousíōn		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ων
epiousíōn
Dative ἐπῐουσῐ́ῳ
epiousíōi		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ῳ
epiousíōi		 ἐπῐουσῐ́οιν
epiousíoin		 ἐπῐουσῐ́οιν
epiousíoin		 ἐπῐουσῐ́οις
epiousíois		 ἐπῐουσῐ́οις
epiousíois
Accusative ἐπῐούσῐον
epioúsion		 ἐπῐούσῐον
epioúsion		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ω
epiousíō		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ω
epiousíō		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ους
epiousíous		 ἐπῐούσῐᾰ
epioúsia
Vocative ἐπῐούσῐε
epioúsie		 ἐπῐούσῐον
epioúsion		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ω
epiousíō		 ἐπῐουσῐ́ω
epiousíō		 ἐπῐούσῐοι
epioúsioi		 ἐπῐούσῐᾰ
epioúsia
Derived forms Adverb Comparative Superlative
ἐπῐουσῐ́ως
epiousíōs		 ἐπῐουσῐώτερος
epiousiṓteros		 ἐπῐουσῐώτᾰτος
epiousiṓtatos
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants
  • Greek: επιούσιος (epioúsios)

See also

References
  1. “ἐπιούσιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  2. “ἐπιούσιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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