উপর
Bengali
Etymology
Inherited from Magadhi Prakrit 𑀉𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀭𑀺 (uppari), from Sanskrit উপরি (upari) in analogy with উত্তর (uttara), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *upári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri.
Cognate with Assamese ওপৰ (üpor), Odia ଉପର (upôrô), Hindustani اوپر / ऊपर (ūpar), Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Latin super, Albanian epër, Old English ofer (whence English over).
Declension
| Inflection of উপর | |||
| nominative | উপর upōr | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| objective | উপর / উপরকে upōr (semantically general or indefinite) / upōrke (semantically definite) | ||
| genitive | উপরের upōrer | ||
| locative | উপরে upōre | ||
| Indefinite forms | |||
| nominative | উপর upōr | ||
| objective | উপর / উপরকে upōr (semantically general or indefinite) / upōrke (semantically definite) | ||
| genitive | উপরের upōrer | ||
| locative | উপরে upōre | ||
| Definite forms | |||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | উপরটা , উপরটি upōrṭa (colloquial), upōrṭi (formal) |
উপরগুলা, উপরগুলো upōrgula (colloquial), upōrgulo (formal) | |
| objective | উপরটা, উপরটি upōrṭa (colloquial), upōrṭi (formal) |
উপরগুলা, উপরগুলো upōrgula (colloquial), upōrgulo (formal) | |
| genitive | উপরটার, উপরটির upōrṭar (colloquial), upōrṭir (formal) |
উপরগুলার, উপরগুলোর upōrgular (colloquial), upōrgulor (formal) | |
| locative | উপরটাতে / উপরটায়, উপরটিতে upōrṭate / upōrṭay (colloquial), upōrṭite (formal) |
উপরগুলাতে / উপরগুলায়, উপরগুলোতে upōrgulate / upōrgulay (colloquial), upōrgulote (formal) | |
| Objective Note: In some dialects -রে (-re) marks this case instead of -কে (-ke). | |||
Derived terms
- উপর-উপর (upor-upor)
- উপরআলা (uporala)
- উপরওয়ালা (uporōẇala)
- উপরকার (uporokar)
- উপরচড়া (uporcoṛa)
- উপরচড়াও (uporcoṛaō)
- উপরচাল (uporocal)
- উপরচালাক (uporcalak)
- উপরতলা (uportola)
- উপরতলায় (uportolaẏ)
- উপরতলার (uportolar)
- উপরপড়া (uporpoṛa)
- উপরপিঠ (uporopiṭh)
References
- Subhasha Bhattacarya, Sailendra Biswas, Sailendra Biswas, and Jnanendramohana Dasa (2022) “উপর”, in Digital Dictionaries of South India [Combined Bengali Dictionaries]
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “uppari”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
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