मुख

Garhwali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Noun

मुख (mukh) m

mouth
face

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha). Doublet of मुँह (mũh), a tadbhava.

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /mʊkʰ/

Noun

मुख • (mukh) m (Urdu spelling مکھ)

(anatomy) mouth
(anatomy) face

Declension

Declension of मुख (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	मुख mukh	मुख mukh
oblique	मुख mukh	मुखों mukhõ
vocative	मुख mukh	मुखो mukho

Synonyms

(mouth): मुँह (mũh)
(face): चेहरा (cehrā)

Derived terms

मुखाभिगम (mukhābhigam)
मुखमैथुन (mukhmaithun)

Marathi

Etymology

From Old Marathi 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha), from Sanskrit मुख (múkha, “mouth, face, visage”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /mukʰ/, [muːkʰ]

Noun

मुख • (mukh) n

(anatomy) mouth
Synonym: तोंड (toṇḍa)
(anatomy) face
Synonyms: चेहरा (cehrā), तोंड (toṇḍa)

Declension

Declension of मुख (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	मुख mukh
direct plural	मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	मुख mukh	मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha
oblique सामान्यरूप	मुखा mukhā	मुखां- mukhān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	मुखाला mukhālā	मुखांना mukhānnā
ergative	मुखाने, मुखानं mukhāne, mukhāna	मुखांनी mukhānnī
instrumental	मुखाशी mukhāśī	मुखांशी mukhānśī
locative सप्तमी	मुखात mukhāt	मुखांत mukhāt
vocative संबोधन	मुखा mukhā	मुखांनो mukhānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of मुख (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular^* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	oblique सामान्यरूप
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	मुखाचा mukhāċā	मुखाचे mukhāċe	मुखाची mukhācī	मुखाच्या mukhācā	मुखाचे, मुखाचं mukhāċe, mukhāċa	मुखाची mukhācī	मुखाच्या mukhācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	मुखांचा mukhānċā	मुखांचे mukhānċe	मुखांची mukhāñcī	मुखांच्या mukhāncā	मुखांचे, मुखांचं mukhānċe, mukhānċa	मुखांची mukhāñcī	मुखांच्या mukhāñcā
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

Berntsen, Maxine, “मुख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “मुख”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press

Nepali

Etymology

From Sanskrit मुख (mukha).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [muk̞ʰ]

Phonetic Devanagari: मुख्

Noun

मुख • (mukh)

(anatomy) mouth
mouth (opening, outlet, source)
beak
(anatomy) face

Old Marathi

Noun

मुख (mukha) n

Devanagari form of 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)

Pali

Alternative forms

mukha (Latin script)
𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
মুখ (Bengali script)
මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
မုခ or မုၶ (Burmese script)
มุข or มุขะ (Thai script)
ᨾᩩᨡ (Tai Tham script)
ມຸຂ or ມຸຂະ (Lao script)
មុខ (Khmer script)
𑄟𑄪𑄈 (Chakma script)

Noun

मुख n

Devanagari script form of mukha

Declension

Declension table of "मुख" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	मुखं (mukhaṃ)	मुखानि (mukhāni)
Accusative (second)	मुखं (mukhaṃ)	मुखानि (mukhāni)
Instrumental (third)	मुखेन (mukhena)	मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi)
Dative (fourth)	मुखस्स (mukhassa) or मुखाय (mukhāya) or मुखत्थं (mukhatthaṃ)	मुखानं (mukhānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	मुखस्मा (mukhasmā) or मुखम्हा (mukhamhā) or मुखा (mukhā)	मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	मुखस्स (mukhassa)	मुखानं (mukhānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	मुखस्मिं (mukhasmiṃ) or मुखम्हि (mukhamhi) or मुखे (mukhe)	मुखेसु (mukhesu)
Vocative (calling)	मुख (mukha)	मुखानि (mukhāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

মুখ (Assamese script)
ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
মুখ (Bengali script)
𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
မုခ (Burmese script)
મુખ (Gujarati script)
ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
មុខ (Khmer script)
ມຸຂ (Lao script)
മുഖ (Malayalam script)
ᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
ᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
ମୁଖ (Odia script)
ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
முக² (Tamil script)
ముఖ (Telugu script)
มุข (Thai script)
མུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.

According to Pokorny, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).

However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mukhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /mú.kʰɐ/

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈmu.kʰɐ/

Noun

मुख • (múkha) stem, n

(anatomy) mouth
(anatomy) face
visage
(neologism) font

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of मुख (múkha)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	मुखम् múkham	मुखे múkhe	मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹
Vocative	मुख múkha	मुखे múkhe	मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹
Accusative	मुखम् múkham	मुखे múkhe	मुखानि / मुखा¹ múkhāni / múkhā¹
Instrumental	मुखेन múkhena	मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām	मुखैः / मुखेभिः¹ múkhaiḥ / múkhebhiḥ¹
Dative	मुखाय múkhāya	मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām	मुखेभ्यः múkhebhyaḥ
Ablative	मुखात् múkhāt	मुखाभ्याम् múkhābhyām	मुखेभ्यः múkhebhyaḥ
Genitive	मुखस्य múkhasya	मुखयोः múkhayoḥ	मुखानाम् múkhānām
Locative	मुखे múkhe	मुखयोः múkhayoḥ	मुखेषु múkheṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Dardic:
- Khowar: موخ (mux)
- Shina: مُک (muk)
Assamese: মুহ (muh)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha)
- Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘮 (muha)
Pali: mukha
- → Burmese: မုခ် (muhk)
  - → Shan: မုၵ်ႈ (mūk)
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha)
- Gujarati: મોં (mõ)
- Hindi: मुँह (mũh)
- Punjabi: ਮੂੰਹ (mū̃h) / مُون٘ہہ (mūṉh)
- Romani: muj
→ Assamese: মুখ (mukh)
→ Bengali: মুখ (mukh)
→ Gujarati: મુખ (mukh)
→ Hindi: मुख (mukh)
→ Kannada: ಮುಖ (mukha)
→ Khmer: មុខ (muk)
→ Malay: muka
- Indonesian: muka
→ Malayalam: മുഖം (mukhaṁ)
→ Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
- Marathi: मुख (mukh)
→ Nepali: मुख (mukh)
→ Punjabi: ਮੁਖ (mukh)
→ Rajasthani: मुखड़ौ (mukhṛau)
→ Tamil: முகம் (mukam)
→ Tagalog: mukhâ
→ Telugu: ముఖము (mukhamu)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 819/3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 360
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 648-649
Pokorny, Julius (1959) “751-52”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 751-52

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