ग्रीष्म

Borrowed from Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá).

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɡɾiːʂ.mᵊ/, [ɡɾiːʃ.mᵊ]

ग्रीष्म • (grīṣma) m (Urdu spelling گریشم)

1. summer, the hot season

   ग्रीष्म अवकाश दो महीने में आरम्भ करता है।

   grīṣma avkāś do mahīne mẽ ārambh kartā hai.

   Summer vacation starts in two months.

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “ग्रीष्म”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “ग्रीष्म”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

• IPA^(key): [ɡrismʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: ग्रिस्म

ग्रीष्म • (grīṣma)

1. summer (season)

• “ग्रीष्म”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “ग्रीष्म”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *semh₂- (“summer”).[1] Compare समा (sámā). Also cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama), Persian هامین (hâmin), Old English sumor (whence English summer) through the latter component.

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɡɾiːʂ.mɐ́/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɾiːʂ.mɐ/

ग्रीष्म • (grīṣmá) stem, m

1. summer, the hot season (from the middle of May to the middle of July)
   • c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) I.6.2.3:

     वाचा मेन्द्रियेणाविश वसन्तम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु
     ग्रीष्मम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु
     वर्षा ऋतूनां प्रीणामि ता मा प्रीताः प्रीणन्तु
     शरदम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि सा मा प्रीता प्रीणातु
     हेमन्त-शिशिराव् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि तौ मा प्रीतौ प्रीणीताम् अग्नी-षोमयोर् अहं देवयज्यया चक्षुष्मां भूयासम अग्नेर् अहं देवयज्यया ऽन्नादो भूयासम् ॥

     vācā mendriyeṇāviśa vasantam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu
     grīṣmam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu
     varṣā ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi tā mā prītāḥ prīṇantu
     śaradam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sā mā prītā prīṇātu
     hemanta-śiśirāv ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi tau mā prītau prīṇītām agnī-ṣomayor ahaṃ devayajyayā cakṣuṣmāṃ bhūyāsama agner ahaṃ devayajyayā ʼnnādo bhūyāsam.

     Do thou enter me with speech, with power of senses. Of all the seasons, spring I love; beloved, may it delight me.
     Of the all seasons summer I love; beloved, may it delight me.
     Of all the seasons the rains I love; beloved, may they delight me.
     Of the all seasons the autumn I delight; beloved, may it delight me.
     Of the seasons the winter and the cool I love; beloved, may they two delight me.
     By obeisance to the gods, Agni and Soma, may I be possessed of sight. By obeisance to the god Agni, may I be an eater of food.

   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
2. summer heat, heat

• ग्रैष्म (graíṣma)

• Pali: gimha
• Khowar: گرِۨشپو (griṣpó)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀳 (gimha)
  • Marathi: गीह्म (gīhma), गीम (gīm)
• → Bengali: গ্রীষ্ম (griśśõ)
• → Kannada: ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ (grīṣma)
• → Telugu: గ్రీష్మము (grīṣmamu)
• → Malayalam: ഗ്രീഷ്മം (grīṣmaṁ)

• Monier Williams (1899) “ग्रीष्म”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 374.