गोधूम

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोधूम (godhūma). Doublet of गेहूँ (gehū̃), a tadbhava.

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɡoː.d̪ʱuːm/, [ɡoː.d̪ʱũːm]

Noun

गोधूम • (godhūm) m (rare, formal)

wheat
Synonym: (more common) गेहूँ (gehū̃)
orange
Synonyms: संतरा (santrā), नारंगी (nāraṅgī)

Declension

Declension of गोधूम (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	गोधूम godhūm	गोधूम godhūm
oblique	गोधूम godhūm	गोधूमों godhūmõ
vocative	गोधूम godhūm	गोधूमो godhūmo

References

Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “गोधूम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
Platts, John T. (1884) “गोधूम”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Pali

Alternative forms

godhūma (Latin script)
𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
গোধূম (Bengali script)
ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
ဂေါဓူမ or ၷေႃꩪူမ (Burmese script)
โคธูม or โคธูมะ (Thai script)
ᨣᩮᩤᨵᩪᨾ (Tai Tham script)
ໂຄຘູມ or ໂຄຘູມະ (Lao script)
គោធូម (Khmer script)
𑄉𑄮𑄙𑄫𑄟 (Chakma script)

Noun

गोधूम m

Devanagari script form of godhūma (“wheat”)

Declension

Declension table of "गोधूम" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	गोधूमो (godhūmo)	गोधूमा (godhūmā)
Accusative (second)	गोधूमं (godhūmaṃ)	गोधूमे (godhūme)
Instrumental (third)	गोधूमेन (godhūmena)	गोधूमेहि (godhūmehi) or गोधूमेभि (godhūmebhi)
Dative (fourth)	गोधूमस्स (godhūmassa) or गोधूमाय (godhūmāya) or गोधूमत्थं (godhūmatthaṃ)	गोधूमानं (godhūmānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	गोधूमस्मा (godhūmasmā) or गोधूमम्हा (godhūmamhā) or गोधूमा (godhūmā)	गोधूमेहि (godhūmehi) or गोधूमेभि (godhūmebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	गोधूमस्स (godhūmassa)	गोधूमानं (godhūmānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	गोधूमस्मिं (godhūmasmiṃ) or गोधूमम्हि (godhūmamhi) or गोधूमे (godhūme)	गोधूमेसु (godhūmesu)
Vocative (calling)	गोधूम (godhūma)	गोधूमा (godhūmā)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

গোধূম (Assamese script)
ᬕᭀᬥᬹᬫ (Balinese script)
গোধূম (Bengali script)
𑰐𑰺𑰠𑰳𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
ဂေါဓူမ (Burmese script)
ગોધૂમ (Gujarati script)
ਗੋਧੂਮ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌗𑍋𑌧𑍂𑌮 (Grantha script)
ꦒꦺꦴꦣꦹꦩ (Javanese script)
𑂏𑂷𑂡𑂴𑂧 (Kaithi script)
ಗೋಧೂಮ (Kannada script)
គោធូម (Khmer script)
ໂຄຘູມ (Lao script)
ഗോധൂമ (Malayalam script)
ᡤᠣᢡᡠᡠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘐𑘻𑘠𑘴𑘦 (Modi script)
ᠺᠣᠸᠠᢑᠾᠤᠤᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦰𑧜𑧀𑧕𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
𑐐𑑀𑐢𑐹𑐩 (Newa script)
ଗୋଧୂମ (Odia script)
ꢔꣂꢤꢹꢪ (Saurashtra script)
𑆓𑆾𑆣𑆷𑆩 (Sharada script)
𑖐𑖺𑖠𑖳𑖦 (Siddham script)
ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
𑩞𑩕𑩮𑩒𑩛𑩴 (Soyombo script)
𑚌𑚴𑚜𑚱𑚢 (Takri script)
கே³ாதூ⁴ம (Tamil script)
గోధూమ (Telugu script)
โคธูม (Thai script)
གོ་དྷཱུ་མ (Tibetan script)
𑒑𑒼𑒡𑒴𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
𑨍𑨆𑨜𑨃𑨊𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).

Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) +‎ धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɡɐw.dʱúː.mɐ/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

Noun

गोधूम • (godhū́ma) stem, m

wheat
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.7.4:
  व्री॒हय॑श् च मे॒ यवाश् च मे॒ माषाश् च मे॒ तिलाश् च मे मु॒द्गाश् च॑ मे ख॒ल्वाश् च मे गो॒धूमाश् च मे म॒सुराश् च मे प्रि॒यङ्ग॑वश् च॒ मे ऽण॑वश् च मे श्या॒माकाश् च मे नी॒वाराश् च मे ॥
  vrīháyaś ca me yávā́ś cá me mā́ṣā́ś cá me tílā́ś cá mé mudgā́ś ca me khalvā́ś cá mé godhū́mā́ś cá mé masúrā́ś cá mé priyáṅgavaś ca mé ʼṇavaś ca me śyāmā́kā́ś cá mé nīvā́rā́ś cá mé.
  And to me may rice, barley, beans, sesame, kidney beans, vetches, wheat, lentils, Millet, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum frumentaceum, and wild rice [be granted].
the orange tree
name of a medicinal plant

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of गोधूम (godhū́ma)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	गोधूमः godhū́maḥ	गोधूमौ / गोधूमा¹ godhū́mau / godhū́mā¹	गोधूमाः / गोधूमासः¹ godhū́māḥ / godhū́māsaḥ¹
Vocative	गोधूम gódhūma	गोधूमौ / गोधूमा¹ gódhūmau / gódhūmā¹	गोधूमाः / गोधूमासः¹ gódhūmāḥ / gódhūmāsaḥ¹
Accusative	गोधूमम् godhū́mam	गोधूमौ / गोधूमा¹ godhū́mau / godhū́mā¹	गोधूमान् godhū́mān
Instrumental	गोधूमेन godhū́mena	गोधूमाभ्याम् godhū́mābhyām	गोधूमैः / गोधूमेभिः¹ godhū́maiḥ / godhū́mebhiḥ¹
Dative	गोधूमाय godhū́māya	गोधूमाभ्याम् godhū́mābhyām	गोधूमेभ्यः godhū́mebhyaḥ
Ablative	गोधूमात् godhū́māt	गोधूमाभ्याम् godhū́mābhyām	गोधूमेभ्यः godhū́mebhyaḥ
Genitive	गोधूमस्य godhū́masya	गोधूमयोः godhū́mayoḥ	गोधूमानाम् godhū́mānām
Locative	गोधूमे godhū́me	गोधूमयोः godhū́mayoḥ	गोधूमेषु godhū́meṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kalasha: gúum
Pali: godhūma
Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
- Central:
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
    - Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
    - Romani: giv, gišu, gēsū, gēsūwi, giv
      - Lomavren: gihu, giu
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    - Hindustani:
      Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)
      Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
    - Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
      - → Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
    - Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
      - Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
      - Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
    - Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gôhũ), ଗହମ (gôhômô)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
      - Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
    - Western Pahari:
      - Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
      - Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
- Northwestern:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi: गेहूं／گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
        Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
- Southern:
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)
    - Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
    - Konkani: gãv
      Devanagari script: गंव
      Kannada script: ಗಂವ್
      Latin script: gonv
    - Marathi: गहू (gahū)
- Western:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
    - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
      - Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

Borrowed terms

→ Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)
→ Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)
→ Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)
→ Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)
→ Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “गोधूम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 365, column 1.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 498-9
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “godhū́ma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

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