ऋण

See also: ऋण्

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇá).

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /ɾɪɳ/, [ɾɪ̃ɳ]

Noun

ऋण • (ŕṇ) m

(finance) debt, loss
(mathematics, dated) subtraction sign
(chemistry, in compounds) negative charge
Synonym: ऋणावेश (ŕṇāveś) (independently)

Declension

Declension of ऋण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋण ŕṇ
oblique	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणों ŕṇõ
vocative	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणो ŕṇo

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇa).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾuɳ/, [ɾuːɳ]

Adjective

ऋण • (ŕṇ)

(mathematics) negative
Synonym: धन (dhan)

Noun

ऋण • (ŕṇ) n

(finance) debt, loss
Synonym: कर्ज (karj̈a)

Declension

Declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	ऋण ŕṇ
direct plural	ऋणे, ऋणं ŕṇe, ŕṇa
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	ऋण ŕṇ	ऋणे, ऋणं ŕṇe, ŕṇa
oblique सामान्यरूप	ऋणा ŕṇā	ऋणां- ŕṇān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	ऋणाला ŕṇālā	ऋणांना ŕṇānnā
ergative	ऋणाने, ऋणानं ŕṇāne, ŕṇāna	ऋणांनी ŕṇānnī
instrumental	ऋणाशी ŕṇāśī	ऋणांशी ŕṇānśī
locative सप्तमी	ऋणात ŕṇāt	ऋणांत ŕṇāt
vocative संबोधन	ऋणा ŕṇā	ऋणांनो ŕṇānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular^* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	oblique सामान्यरूप
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	ऋणाचा ŕṇāċā	ऋणाचे ŕṇāċe	ऋणाची ŕṇācī	ऋणाच्या ŕṇācā	ऋणाचे, ऋणाचं ŕṇāċe, ŕṇāċa	ऋणाची ŕṇācī	ऋणाच्या ŕṇācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	ऋणांचा ŕṇānċā	ऋणांचे ŕṇānċe	ऋणांची ŕṇāñcī	ऋणांच्या ŕṇāncā	ऋणांचे, ऋणांचं ŕṇānċe, ŕṇānċa	ऋणांची ŕṇāñcī	ऋणांच्या ŕṇāñcā
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

ऋणी (ŕṇī, “indebted, obliged”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine, “ऋण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ঋণ (Assamese script)
ᬋᬡ (Balinese script)
ঋণ (Bengali script)
𑰆𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀋𑀡 (Brahmi script)
ၒဏ (Burmese script)
ઋણ (Gujarati script)
ਰਣ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌋𑌣 (Grantha script)
ꦉꦟ (Javanese script)
𑂩𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
ಋಣ (Kannada script)
ឫណ (Khmer script)
ຣິຓ (Lao script)
ഋണ (Malayalam script)
ᡵᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘆𑘜 (Modi script)
ᠷᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦦𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
𑐆𑐞 (Newa script)
ଋଣ (Odia script)
ꢈꢠ (Saurashtra script)
𑆉𑆟 (Sharada script)
𑖆𑖜 (Siddham script)
ඍණ (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩙𑩪 (Soyombo script)
𑚘 (Takri script)
ரிண (Tamil script)
ఋణ (Telugu script)
ฤณ (Thai script)
རྀ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
𑒇𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
𑨫𑨉𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥nás, *Harnás (“debt, guilt”).[1] Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬝𐬹𐬗𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (ar^ənat̰ caēša, “punishing guilt”), Khotanese [script needed] (ārra, “fault”), and possibly Hittite [script needed] (ar-nu-, “to pay for debts, make up damage”).[2]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /r̩.ɳɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈr̩.ɳɐ/

Noun

ऋण • (ṛṇá) stem, n

anything due, obligation, duty, debt
the obligations of a Brahman
anything wanted or missed
a debt of money, money owed
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 9.47.2:
  कृतानीदस्य कर्त्वा चेतन्ते दस्युतर्हणा ।
  ऋणा च धृष्णुश्चयते ॥
  kṛtānīdasya kartvā cetante dasyutarhaṇā.
  ṛṇā ca dhṛṣṇuścayate.
  His task is done: his crushings of the Dasyus are made manifest:
  He sternly reckoneth their debts.
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
- c. 800 BCE, Yājñavalkya
guilt
(mathematics) a negative quality, minus
water
fort, stronghold

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of ऋण (ṛṇá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ऋणम् ṛṇám	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणानि / ऋणा¹ ṛṇā́ni / ṛṇā́¹
Vocative	ऋण ṛ́ṇa	ऋणे ṛ́ṇe	ऋणानि / ऋणा¹ ṛ́ṇāni / ṛ́ṇā¹
Accusative	ऋणम् ṛṇám	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणानि / ऋणा¹ ṛṇā́ni / ṛṇā́¹
Instrumental	ऋणेन ṛṇéna	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणैः / ऋणेभिः¹ ṛṇaíḥ / ṛṇébhiḥ¹
Dative	ऋणाय ṛṇā́ya	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणेभ्यः ṛṇébhyaḥ
Ablative	ऋणात् ṛṇā́t	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणेभ्यः ṛṇébhyaḥ
Genitive	ऋणस्य ṛṇásya	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणानाम् ṛṇā́nām
Locative	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणेषु ṛṇéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Gandhari: 𐨀𐨁𐨣 (ina)
→ Gujarati: ઋણ (ŕṇa)
Marathi: ऋण (ŕṇ)
Pali: iṇa
→ Tamil: இரணம் (iraṇam), இருணம் (iruṇam), ரணம் (raṇam)

Adjective

ऋण • (ṛṇá)

going, flying, fugitive
guilty, having gone against or transgressed

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ऋण (ṛṇá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ऋणः ṛṇáḥ	ऋणौ / ऋणा¹ ṛṇaú / ṛṇā́¹	ऋणाः / ऋणासः¹ ṛṇā́ḥ / ṛṇā́saḥ¹
Vocative	ऋण ṛ́ṇa	ऋणौ / ऋणा¹ ṛ́ṇau / ṛ́ṇā¹	ऋणाः / ऋणासः¹ ṛ́ṇāḥ / ṛ́ṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	ऋणम् ṛṇám	ऋणौ / ऋणा¹ ṛṇaú / ṛṇā́¹	ऋणान् ṛṇā́n
Instrumental	ऋणेन ṛṇéna	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणैः / ऋणेभिः¹ ṛṇaíḥ / ṛṇébhiḥ¹
Dative	ऋणाय ṛṇā́ya	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणेभ्यः ṛṇébhyaḥ
Ablative	ऋणात् ṛṇā́t	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणेभ्यः ṛṇébhyaḥ
Genitive	ऋणस्य ṛṇásya	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणानाम् ṛṇā́nām
Locative	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणेषु ṛṇéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of ऋणा (ṛṇā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ऋणा ṛṇā́	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणाः ṛṇā́ḥ
Vocative	ऋणे ṛ́ṇe	ऋणे ṛ́ṇe	ऋणाः ṛ́ṇāḥ
Accusative	ऋणाम् ṛṇā́m	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणाः ṛṇā́ḥ
Instrumental	ऋणया / ऋणा¹ ṛṇáyā / ṛṇā́¹	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणाभिः ṛṇā́bhiḥ
Dative	ऋणायै ṛṇā́yai	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणाभ्यः ṛṇā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	ऋणायाः / ऋणायै² ṛṇā́yāḥ / ṛṇā́yai²	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणाभ्यः ṛṇā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	ऋणायाः / ऋणायै² ṛṇā́yāḥ / ṛṇā́yai²	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणानाम् ṛṇā́nām
Locative	ऋणायाम् ṛṇā́yām	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणासु ṛṇā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of ऋण (ṛṇá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ऋणम् ṛṇám	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणानि / ऋणा¹ ṛṇā́ni / ṛṇā́¹
Vocative	ऋण ṛ́ṇa	ऋणे ṛ́ṇe	ऋणानि / ऋणा¹ ṛ́ṇāni / ṛ́ṇā¹
Accusative	ऋणम् ṛṇám	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणानि / ऋणा¹ ṛṇā́ni / ṛṇā́¹
Instrumental	ऋणेन ṛṇéna	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणैः / ऋणेभिः¹ ṛṇaíḥ / ṛṇébhiḥ¹
Dative	ऋणाय ṛṇā́ya	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणेभ्यः ṛṇébhyaḥ
Ablative	ऋणात् ṛṇā́t	ऋणाभ्याम् ṛṇā́bhyām	ऋणेभ्यः ṛṇébhyaḥ
Genitive	ऋणस्य ṛṇásya	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणानाम् ṛṇā́nām
Locative	ऋणे ṛṇé	ऋणयोः ṛṇáyoḥ	ऋणेषु ṛṇéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

References

Monier Williams (1899) “ऋण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 225/3.

Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254

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[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254