نجف
Arabic
Etymology 1
From the root ن ج ف (n-j-f) originally stemming from the butting together of horns; hence the wide semantic range "to push or thrust", "to gore or stab", "to knock about", "to be pushed about".
Verb
نَجَفَ • (najafa) I, non-past يَنْجَفُ (yanjafu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
نَجَفَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun نَجْف)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
najf | |||||||||||
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active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
نَاجِف nājif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَنْجُوف manjūf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نَجَفْتُ najaftu |
نَجَفْتَ najafta |
najafa |
نَجَفْتُمَا najaftumā |
نَجَفَا najafā |
نَجَفْنَا najafnā |
نَجَفْتُمْ najaftum |
نَجَفُوا najafū | |||
f | نَجَفْتِ najafti |
نَجَفَتْ najafat |
نَجَفَتَا najafatā |
نَجَفْتُنَّ najaftunna |
نَجَفْنَ najafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَنْجَفُ ʔanjafu |
تَنْجَفُ tanjafu |
يَنْجَفُ yanjafu |
تَنْجَفَانِ tanjafāni |
يَنْجَفَانِ yanjafāni |
نَنْجَفُ nanjafu |
تَنْجَفُونَ tanjafūna |
يَنْجَفُونَ yanjafūna | |||
f | تَنْجَفِينَ tanjafīna |
تَنْجَفُ tanjafu |
تَنْجَفَانِ tanjafāni |
تَنْجَفْنَ tanjafna |
يَنْجَفْنَ yanjafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَنْجَفَ ʔanjafa |
تَنْجَفَ tanjafa |
يَنْجَفَ yanjafa |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
يَنْجَفَا yanjafā |
نَنْجَفَ nanjafa |
تَنْجَفُوا tanjafū |
يَنْجَفُوا yanjafū | |||
f | تَنْجَفِي tanjafī |
تَنْجَفَ tanjafa |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
تَنْجَفْنَ tanjafna |
يَنْجَفْنَ yanjafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَنْجَفْ ʔanjaf |
تَنْجَفْ tanjaf |
يَنْجَفْ yanjaf |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
يَنْجَفَا yanjafā |
نَنْجَفْ nanjaf |
تَنْجَفُوا tanjafū |
يَنْجَفُوا yanjafū | |||
f | تَنْجَفِي tanjafī |
تَنْجَفْ tanjaf |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
تَنْجَفْنَ tanjafna |
يَنْجَفْنَ yanjafna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِنْجَفْ injaf |
اِنْجَفَا injafā |
اِنْجَفُوا injafū |
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f | اِنْجَفِي injafī |
اِنْجَفْنَ injafna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نُجِفْتُ nujiftu |
نُجِفْتَ nujifta |
nujifa |
نُجِفْتُمَا nujiftumā |
نُجِفَا nujifā |
نُجِفْنَا nujifnā |
نُجِفْتُمْ nujiftum |
نُجِفُوا nujifū | |||
f | نُجِفْتِ nujifti |
نُجِفَتْ nujifat |
نُجِفَتَا nujifatā |
نُجِفْتُنَّ nujiftunna |
نُجِفْنَ nujifna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُنْجَفُ ʔunjafu |
تُنْجَفُ tunjafu |
يُنْجَفُ yunjafu |
تُنْجَفَانِ tunjafāni |
يُنْجَفَانِ yunjafāni |
نُنْجَفُ nunjafu |
تُنْجَفُونَ tunjafūna |
يُنْجَفُونَ yunjafūna | |||
f | تُنْجَفِينَ tunjafīna |
تُنْجَفُ tunjafu |
تُنْجَفَانِ tunjafāni |
تُنْجَفْنَ tunjafna |
يُنْجَفْنَ yunjafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُنْجَفَ ʔunjafa |
تُنْجَفَ tunjafa |
يُنْجَفَ yunjafa |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
يُنْجَفَا yunjafā |
نُنْجَفَ nunjafa |
تُنْجَفُوا tunjafū |
يُنْجَفُوا yunjafū | |||
f | تُنْجَفِي tunjafī |
تُنْجَفَ tunjafa |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
تُنْجَفْنَ tunjafna |
يُنْجَفْنَ yunjafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُنْجَفْ ʔunjaf |
تُنْجَفْ tunjaf |
يُنْجَفْ yunjaf |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
يُنْجَفَا yunjafā |
نُنْجَفْ nunjaf |
تُنْجَفُوا tunjafū |
يُنْجَفُوا yunjafū | |||
f | تُنْجَفِي tunjafī |
تُنْجَفْ tunjaf |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
تُنْجَفْنَ tunjafna |
يُنْجَفْنَ yunjafna |
Verb
نَجَفَ • (najafa) I, non-past يَنْجَفُ (yanjafu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
نَجَفَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun نِجَاف)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
نِجَاف nijāf | |||||||||||
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active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
نَاجِف nājif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَنْجُوف manjūf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نَجَفْتُ najaftu |
نَجَفْتَ najafta |
najafa |
نَجَفْتُمَا najaftumā |
نَجَفَا najafā |
نَجَفْنَا najafnā |
نَجَفْتُمْ najaftum |
نَجَفُوا najafū | |||
f | نَجَفْتِ najafti |
نَجَفَتْ najafat |
نَجَفَتَا najafatā |
نَجَفْتُنَّ najaftunna |
نَجَفْنَ najafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَنْجَفُ ʔanjafu |
تَنْجَفُ tanjafu |
يَنْجَفُ yanjafu |
تَنْجَفَانِ tanjafāni |
يَنْجَفَانِ yanjafāni |
نَنْجَفُ nanjafu |
تَنْجَفُونَ tanjafūna |
يَنْجَفُونَ yanjafūna | |||
f | تَنْجَفِينَ tanjafīna |
تَنْجَفُ tanjafu |
تَنْجَفَانِ tanjafāni |
تَنْجَفْنَ tanjafna |
يَنْجَفْنَ yanjafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَنْجَفَ ʔanjafa |
تَنْجَفَ tanjafa |
يَنْجَفَ yanjafa |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
يَنْجَفَا yanjafā |
نَنْجَفَ nanjafa |
تَنْجَفُوا tanjafū |
يَنْجَفُوا yanjafū | |||
f | تَنْجَفِي tanjafī |
تَنْجَفَ tanjafa |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
تَنْجَفْنَ tanjafna |
يَنْجَفْنَ yanjafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَنْجَفْ ʔanjaf |
تَنْجَفْ tanjaf |
يَنْجَفْ yanjaf |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
يَنْجَفَا yanjafā |
نَنْجَفْ nanjaf |
تَنْجَفُوا tanjafū |
يَنْجَفُوا yanjafū | |||
f | تَنْجَفِي tanjafī |
تَنْجَفْ tanjaf |
تَنْجَفَا tanjafā |
تَنْجَفْنَ tanjafna |
يَنْجَفْنَ yanjafna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِنْجَفْ injaf |
اِنْجَفَا injafā |
اِنْجَفُوا injafū |
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f | اِنْجَفِي injafī |
اِنْجَفْنَ injafna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نُجِفْتُ nujiftu |
نُجِفْتَ nujifta |
nujifa |
نُجِفْتُمَا nujiftumā |
نُجِفَا nujifā |
نُجِفْنَا nujifnā |
نُجِفْتُمْ nujiftum |
نُجِفُوا nujifū | |||
f | نُجِفْتِ nujifti |
نُجِفَتْ nujifat |
نُجِفَتَا nujifatā |
نُجِفْتُنَّ nujiftunna |
نُجِفْنَ nujifna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُنْجَفُ ʔunjafu |
تُنْجَفُ tunjafu |
يُنْجَفُ yunjafu |
تُنْجَفَانِ tunjafāni |
يُنْجَفَانِ yunjafāni |
نُنْجَفُ nunjafu |
تُنْجَفُونَ tunjafūna |
يُنْجَفُونَ yunjafūna | |||
f | تُنْجَفِينَ tunjafīna |
تُنْجَفُ tunjafu |
تُنْجَفَانِ tunjafāni |
تُنْجَفْنَ tunjafna |
يُنْجَفْنَ yunjafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُنْجَفَ ʔunjafa |
تُنْجَفَ tunjafa |
يُنْجَفَ yunjafa |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
يُنْجَفَا yunjafā |
نُنْجَفَ nunjafa |
تُنْجَفُوا tunjafū |
يُنْجَفُوا yunjafū | |||
f | تُنْجَفِي tunjafī |
تُنْجَفَ tunjafa |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
تُنْجَفْنَ tunjafna |
يُنْجَفْنَ yunjafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُنْجَفْ ʔunjaf |
تُنْجَفْ tunjaf |
يُنْجَفْ yunjaf |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
يُنْجَفَا yunjafā |
نُنْجَفْ nunjaf |
تُنْجَفُوا tunjafū |
يُنْجَفُوا yunjafū | |||
f | تُنْجَفِي tunjafī |
تُنْجَفْ tunjaf |
تُنْجَفَا tunjafā |
تُنْجَفْنَ tunjafna |
يُنْجَفْنَ yunjafna |
Verb
نَجَّفَ • (najjafa) II, non-past يُنَجِّفُ (yunajjifu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
نَجَّفَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
تَنْجِيف tanjīf | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُنَجِّف munajjif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُنَجَّف munajjaf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نَجَّفْتُ najjaftu |
نَجَّفْتَ najjafta |
najjafa |
نَجَّفْتُمَا najjaftumā |
نَجَّفَا najjafā |
نَجَّفْنَا najjafnā |
نَجَّفْتُمْ najjaftum |
نَجَّفُوا najjafū | |||
f | نَجَّفْتِ najjafti |
نَجَّفَتْ najjafat |
نَجَّفَتَا najjafatā |
نَجَّفْتُنَّ najjaftunna |
نَجَّفْنَ najjafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُنَجِّفُ ʔunajjifu |
تُنَجِّفُ tunajjifu |
يُنَجِّفُ yunajjifu |
تُنَجِّفَانِ tunajjifāni |
يُنَجِّفَانِ yunajjifāni |
نُنَجِّفُ nunajjifu |
تُنَجِّفُونَ tunajjifūna |
يُنَجِّفُونَ yunajjifūna | |||
f | تُنَجِّفِينَ tunajjifīna |
تُنَجِّفُ tunajjifu |
تُنَجِّفَانِ tunajjifāni |
تُنَجِّفْنَ tunajjifna |
يُنَجِّفْنَ yunajjifna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُنَجِّفَ ʔunajjifa |
تُنَجِّفَ tunajjifa |
يُنَجِّفَ yunajjifa |
تُنَجِّفَا tunajjifā |
يُنَجِّفَا yunajjifā |
نُنَجِّفَ nunajjifa |
تُنَجِّفُوا tunajjifū |
يُنَجِّفُوا yunajjifū | |||
f | تُنَجِّفِي tunajjifī |
تُنَجِّفَ tunajjifa |
تُنَجِّفَا tunajjifā |
تُنَجِّفْنَ tunajjifna |
يُنَجِّفْنَ yunajjifna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُنَجِّفْ ʔunajjif |
تُنَجِّفْ tunajjif |
يُنَجِّفْ yunajjif |
تُنَجِّفَا tunajjifā |
يُنَجِّفَا yunajjifā |
نُنَجِّفْ nunajjif |
تُنَجِّفُوا tunajjifū |
يُنَجِّفُوا yunajjifū | |||
f | تُنَجِّفِي tunajjifī |
تُنَجِّفْ tunajjif |
تُنَجِّفَا tunajjifā |
تُنَجِّفْنَ tunajjifna |
يُنَجِّفْنَ yunajjifna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | najjif |
نَجِّفَا najjifā |
نَجِّفُوا najjifū |
||||||||
f | najjifī |
نَجِّفْنَ najjifna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | نُجِّفْتُ nujjiftu |
نُجِّفْتَ nujjifta |
nujjifa |
نُجِّفْتُمَا nujjiftumā |
نُجِّفَا nujjifā |
نُجِّفْنَا nujjifnā |
نُجِّفْتُمْ nujjiftum |
نُجِّفُوا nujjifū | |||
f | نُجِّفْتِ nujjifti |
نُجِّفَتْ nujjifat |
نُجِّفَتَا nujjifatā |
نُجِّفْتُنَّ nujjiftunna |
نُجِّفْنَ nujjifna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُنَجَّفُ ʔunajjafu |
تُنَجَّفُ tunajjafu |
يُنَجَّفُ yunajjafu |
تُنَجَّفَانِ tunajjafāni |
يُنَجَّفَانِ yunajjafāni |
نُنَجَّفُ nunajjafu |
تُنَجَّفُونَ tunajjafūna |
يُنَجَّفُونَ yunajjafūna | |||
f | تُنَجَّفِينَ tunajjafīna |
تُنَجَّفُ tunajjafu |
تُنَجَّفَانِ tunajjafāni |
تُنَجَّفْنَ tunajjafna |
يُنَجَّفْنَ yunajjafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُنَجَّفَ ʔunajjafa |
تُنَجَّفَ tunajjafa |
يُنَجَّفَ yunajjafa |
تُنَجَّفَا tunajjafā |
يُنَجَّفَا yunajjafā |
نُنَجَّفَ nunajjafa |
تُنَجَّفُوا tunajjafū |
يُنَجَّفُوا yunajjafū | |||
f | تُنَجَّفِي tunajjafī |
تُنَجَّفَ tunajjafa |
تُنَجَّفَا tunajjafā |
تُنَجَّفْنَ tunajjafna |
يُنَجَّفْنَ yunajjafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُنَجَّفْ ʔunajjaf |
تُنَجَّفْ tunajjaf |
يُنَجَّفْ yunajjaf |
تُنَجَّفَا tunajjafā |
يُنَجَّفَا yunajjafā |
نُنَجَّفْ nunajjaf |
تُنَجَّفُوا tunajjafū |
يُنَجَّفُوا yunajjafū | |||
f | تُنَجَّفِي tunajjafī |
تُنَجَّفْ tunajjaf |
تُنَجَّفَا tunajjafā |
تُنَجَّفْنَ tunajjafna |
يُنَجَّفْنَ yunajjafna |
Noun
نَجَف • (najaf) m (plural نِجَاف (nijāf))
- elevated place not reached by water, hill, dike
- embankment, battlement
- dune especially those that drift or are pushed around or formed by the wind
Declension
Declension of noun نَجَف (najaf)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجَف najaf |
النَّجَف an-najaf |
نَجَف najaf |
Nominative | نَجَفٌ najafun |
النَّجَفُ an-najafu |
نَجَفُ najafu |
Accusative | نَجَفًا najafan |
النَّجَفَ an-najafa |
نَجَفَ najafa |
Genitive | نَجَفٍ najafin |
النَّجَفِ an-najafi |
نَجَفِ najafi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | نَجَفَيْن najafayn |
النَّجَفَيْن an-najafayn |
نَجَفَيْ najafay |
Nominative | نَجَفَانِ najafāni |
النَّجَفَانِ an-najafāni |
نَجَفَا najafā |
Accusative | نَجَفَيْنِ najafayni |
النَّجَفَيْنِ an-najafayni |
نَجَفَيْ najafay |
Genitive | نَجَفَيْنِ najafayni |
النَّجَفَيْنِ an-najafayni |
نَجَفَيْ najafay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نِجَاف nijāf |
النِّجَاف an-nijāf |
نِجَاف nijāf |
Nominative | نِجَافٌ nijāfun |
النِّجَافُ an-nijāfu |
نِجَافُ nijāfu |
Accusative | نِجَافًا nijāfan |
النِّجَافَ an-nijāfa |
نِجَافَ nijāfa |
Genitive | نِجَافٍ nijāfin |
النِّجَافِ an-nijāfi |
نِجَافِ nijāfi |
Etymology 2
From دُرّ النَجَف (durr an-najaf, “the pearls of Najaf”), named from the city Najaf, the surrounding hills of which are famed for their abundant quartz deposits.
Declension
Declension of noun نَجَف (najaf)
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجَف najaf |
النَّجَف an-najaf |
نَجَف najaf |
Nominative | نَجَفٌ najafun |
النَّجَفُ an-najafu |
نَجَفُ najafu |
Accusative | نَجَفًا najafan |
النَّجَفَ an-najafa |
نَجَفَ najafa |
Genitive | نَجَفٍ najafin |
النَّجَفِ an-najafi |
نَجَفِ najafi |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجَفَة najafa |
النَّجَفَة an-najafa |
نَجَفَة najafat |
Nominative | نَجَفَةٌ najafatun |
النَّجَفَةُ an-najafatu |
نَجَفَةُ najafatu |
Accusative | نَجَفَةً najafatan |
النَّجَفَةَ an-najafata |
نَجَفَةَ najafata |
Genitive | نَجَفَةٍ najafatin |
النَّجَفَةِ an-najafati |
نَجَفَةِ najafati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | نَجَفَتَيْن najafatayn |
النَّجَفَتَيْن an-najafatayn |
نَجَفَتَيْ najafatay |
Nominative | نَجَفَتَانِ najafatāni |
النَّجَفَتَانِ an-najafatāni |
نَجَفَتَا najafatā |
Accusative | نَجَفَتَيْنِ najafatayni |
النَّجَفَتَيْنِ an-najafatayni |
نَجَفَتَيْ najafatay |
Genitive | نَجَفَتَيْنِ najafatayni |
النَّجَفَتَيْنِ an-najafatayni |
نَجَفَتَيْ najafatay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | نَجَفَات najafāt |
النَّجَفَات an-najafāt |
نَجَفَات najafāt |
Nominative | نَجَفَاتٌ najafātun |
النَّجَفَاتُ an-najafātu |
نَجَفَاتُ najafātu |
Accusative | نَجَفَاتٍ najafātin |
النَّجَفَاتِ an-najafāti |
نَجَفَاتِ najafāti |
Genitive | نَجَفَاتٍ najafātin |
النَّجَفَاتِ an-najafāti |
نَجَفَاتِ najafāti |
References
- “نجف” in Almaany
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 20
- Freytag, Georg (1837) “نجف”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 245
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “نجف”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1206
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “نجف”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen, pages 1103–1104
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “نجف”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 1249–1250
Ottoman Turkish
Descendants
- Turkish: Necef
Persian
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [na.ˈd͡ʒaf]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [nä.d͡ʒǽf]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [nä.d͡ʒǽf]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [nä.d͡ʒǽf]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [næ.d͡ʒǽf]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [nä.d͡ʒǽf]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | najaf |
Dari reading? | najaf |
Iranian reading? | najaf |
Tajik reading? | najaf |
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