غش

Arabic

Root
غ ش ش (ḡ-š-š)

Verb

غَشَّ • (ḡašša) I, non-past يَغُشُّ‎ (yaḡuššu)

to act dishonestly toward someone
to cheat, to cheat someone
to adulterate

Conjugation

Conjugation of

غَشَّ

(form-I geminate, verbal nouns غِشّ or غَشّ)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر					غِشّ or غَشّ ḡišš or ḡašš
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					غَاشّ ḡāšš
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَغْشُوش maḡšūš
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	غَشَشْتُ ḡašaštu	غَشَشْتَ ḡašašta	غَشَّ ḡašša	غَشَشْتُمَا ḡašaštumā	غَشَّا ḡaššā	غَشَشْنَا ḡašašnā	غَشَشْتُمْ ḡašaštum	غَشُّوا ḡaššū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	غَشَشْتُ ḡašaštu	غَشَشْتِ ḡašašti	غَشَّتْ ḡaššat	غَشَشْتُمَا ḡašaštumā	غَشَّتَا ḡaššatā	غَشَشْنَا ḡašašnā	غَشَشْتُنَّ ḡašaštunna	غَشَشْنَ ḡašašna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَغُشُّ ʔaḡuššu	تَغُشُّ taḡuššu	يَغُشُّ yaḡuššu	تَغُشَّانِ taḡuššāni	يَغُشَّانِ yaḡuššāni	نَغُشُّ naḡuššu	تَغُشُّونَ taḡuššūna	يَغُشُّونَ yaḡuššūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَغُشُّ ʔaḡuššu	تَغُشِّينَ taḡuššīna	تَغُشُّ taḡuššu	تَغُشَّانِ taḡuššāni	تَغُشَّانِ taḡuššāni	نَغُشُّ naḡuššu	تَغْشُشْنَ taḡšušna	يَغْشُشْنَ yaḡšušna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَغُشَّ ʔaḡušša	تَغُشَّ taḡušša	يَغُشَّ yaḡušša	تَغُشَّا taḡuššā	يَغُشَّا yaḡuššā	نَغُشَّ naḡušša	تَغُشُّوا taḡuššū	يَغُشُّوا yaḡuššū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَغُشَّ ʔaḡušša	تَغُشِّي taḡuššī	تَغُشَّ taḡušša	تَغُشَّا taḡuššā	تَغُشَّا taḡuššā	نَغُشَّ naḡušša	تَغْشُشْنَ taḡšušna	يَغْشُشْنَ yaḡšušna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَغُشَّ or أَغُشِّ or أَغْشُشْ ʔaḡušša or ʔaḡušši or ʔaḡšuš	تَغُشَّ or تَغُشِّ or تَغْشُشْ taḡušša or taḡušši or taḡšuš	يَغُشَّ or يَغُشِّ or يَغْشُشْ yaḡušša or yaḡušši or yaḡšuš	تَغُشَّا taḡuššā	يَغُشَّا yaḡuššā	نَغُشَّ or نَغُشِّ or نَغْشُشْ naḡušša or naḡušši or naḡšuš	تَغُشُّوا taḡuššū	يَغُشُّوا yaḡuššū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f		تَغُشِّي taḡuššī	تَغُشَّ or تَغُشِّ or تَغْشُشْ taḡušša or taḡušši or taḡšuš	تَغُشَّا taḡuššā	تَغُشَّا taḡuššā		تَغْشُشْنَ taḡšušna	يَغْشُشْنَ yaḡšušna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		غُشَّ or غُشِّ or اُغْشُشْ ḡušša or ḡušši or uḡšuš		غُشَّا ḡuššā			غُشُّوا ḡuššū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		غُشِّي ḡuššī		غُشَّا ḡuššā			اُغْشُشْنَ uḡšušna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	غُشِشْتُ ḡušištu	غُشِشْتَ ḡušišta	غُشَّ ḡušša	غُشِشْتُمَا ḡušištumā	غُشَّا ḡuššā	غُشِشْنَا ḡušišnā	غُشِشْتُمْ ḡušištum	غُشُّوا ḡuššū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	غُشِشْتُ ḡušištu	غُشِشْتِ ḡušišti	غُشَّتْ ḡuššat	غُشِشْتُمَا ḡušištumā	غُشَّتَا ḡuššatā	غُشِشْنَا ḡušišnā	غُشِشْتُنَّ ḡušištunna	غُشِشْنَ ḡušišna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُغَشُّ ʔuḡaššu	تُغَشُّ tuḡaššu	يُغَشُّ yuḡaššu	تُغَشَّانِ tuḡaššāni	يُغَشَّانِ yuḡaššāni	نُغَشُّ nuḡaššu	تُغَشُّونَ tuḡaššūna	يُغَشُّونَ yuḡaššūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُغَشُّ ʔuḡaššu	تُغَشِّينَ tuḡaššīna	تُغَشُّ tuḡaššu	تُغَشَّانِ tuḡaššāni	تُغَشَّانِ tuḡaššāni	نُغَشُّ nuḡaššu	تُغْشَشْنَ tuḡšašna	يُغْشَشْنَ yuḡšašna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُغَشَّ ʔuḡašša	تُغَشَّ tuḡašša	يُغَشَّ yuḡašša	تُغَشَّا tuḡaššā	يُغَشَّا yuḡaššā	نُغَشَّ nuḡašša	تُغَشُّوا tuḡaššū	يُغَشُّوا yuḡaššū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُغَشَّ ʔuḡašša	تُغَشِّي tuḡaššī	تُغَشَّ tuḡašša	تُغَشَّا tuḡaššā	تُغَشَّا tuḡaššā	نُغَشَّ nuḡašša	تُغْشَشْنَ tuḡšašna	يُغْشَشْنَ yuḡšašna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُغَشَّ or أُغَشِّ or أُغْشَشْ ʔuḡašša or ʔuḡašši or ʔuḡšaš	تُغَشَّ or تُغَشِّ or تُغْشَشْ tuḡašša or tuḡašši or tuḡšaš	يُغَشَّ or يُغَشِّ or يُغْشَشْ yuḡašša or yuḡašši or yuḡšaš	تُغَشَّا tuḡaššā	يُغَشَّا yuḡaššā	نُغَشَّ or نُغَشِّ or نُغْشَشْ nuḡašša or nuḡašši or nuḡšaš	تُغَشُّوا tuḡaššū	يُغَشُّوا yuḡaššū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f		تُغَشِّي tuḡaššī	تُغَشَّ or تُغَشِّ or تُغْشَشْ tuḡašša or tuḡašši or tuḡšaš	تُغَشَّا tuḡaššā	تُغَشَّا tuḡaššā		تُغْشَشْنَ tuḡšašna	يُغْشَشْنَ yuḡšašna

Noun

غَشّ • (ḡašš) m

verbal noun of غَشَّ (ḡašša) (form I)
adulteration, corruption, debasement
fraud, deceit

Declension

Declension of noun غَشّ (ḡašš)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	غَشّ ḡašš	الْغَشّ al-ḡašš	غَشّ ḡašš
Nominative	غَشٌّ ḡaššun	الْغَشُّ al-ḡaššu	غَشُّ ḡaššu
Accusative	غَشًّا ḡaššan	الْغَشَّ al-ḡašša	غَشَّ ḡašša
Genitive	غَشٍّ ḡaššin	الْغَشِّ al-ḡašši	غَشِّ ḡašši

Noun

غِشّ • (ḡišš) m

verbal noun of غَشَّ (ḡašša) (form I)
disloyalty, perfidy
deceit, fraud, imposture
cheating, academic dishonesty

Declension

Declension of noun غِشّ (ḡišš)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	غِشّ ḡišš	الْغِشّ al-ḡišš	غِشّ ḡišš
Nominative	غِشٌّ ḡiššun	الْغِشُّ al-ḡiššu	غِشُّ ḡiššu
Accusative	غِشًّا ḡiššan	الْغِشَّ al-ḡišša	غِشَّ ḡišša
Genitive	غِشٍّ ḡiššin	الْغِشِّ al-ḡišši	غِشِّ ḡišši

References

Wehr, Hans (1979) “غش”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 789

Burushaski

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ʁaɕu]

Noun

غش (ġaśu)

onion

References

Bechtholdt, Astrid (2024) “ghashu”, in Burushaski Hunza Dictionary (Webonary) (in Burushaski), Dallas, Texas, USA: SIL International, published 2017: “(in Latin script)”.

Moroccan Arabic

Root
غ ش ش
1 term

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɣaʃː/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Arabic غَشَّ (ḡašša).

Verb

غش • (ḡašš) I (non-past يغش (yḡušš))

to cheat, to cheat someone

Conjugation

Conjugation of غش
		singular			plural
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
past	m	غشّيت (ḡaššīt)	غشّيتي (ḡaššīti)	غشّ (ḡašš)	غشّينا (ḡaššīna)	غشّيتوا (ḡaššītu)	غشّوا (ḡaššu)
past	f	غشّيت (ḡaššīt)	غشّيتي (ḡaššīti)	غشّت (ḡaššāt)	غشّينا (ḡaššīna)	غشّيتوا (ḡaššītu)	غشّوا (ḡaššu)
non-past	m	نغشّ (nḡušš)	تغشّ (tḡušš)	يغشّ (yḡušš)	نغشّوا (nḡuššu)	تغشّوا (tḡuššu)	يغشّوا (yḡuššu)
non-past	f	نغشّ (nḡušš)	تغشّي (tḡušši)	تغشّ (tḡušš)	نغشّوا (nḡuššu)	تغشّوا (tḡuššu)	يغشّوا (yḡuššu)
imperative	m		غشّ (ḡušš)			غشّوا (ḡuššu)
imperative	f		غشّي (ḡušši)			غشّوا (ḡuššu)

Etymology 2

From Arabic ّغِشّ.

Noun

غش • (ḡašš) m

deceit, fraud, imposture
cheating, academic dishonesty

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic غَشْي (ḡašy).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ɣaʃ]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ɣäʃ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ɣäʃ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ɣäʃ]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [qæʃ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʁäʃ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	ğaš
Dari reading^?	ğaš
Iranian reading^?	ğaš
Tajik reading^?	ġaš

Noun

غش • (ğaš)

faint, swoon

Derived terms

غش کردن

South Levantine Arabic

Root
غ ش ش
1 term

Etymology

From Arabic غَشَّ (ḡašša).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɣaʃʃ/, [ɣaʃ]
Audio (al-Lidd) (file)

Verb

غشّ • (ḡašš) I (present بغشّ (biḡošš))

to cheat, to deceive

Conjugation

Conjugation of غشّ (ḡašš)
		singular			plural
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
past	m	غشّيت (ḡaššēt)	غشّيت (ḡaššēt)	غشّ (ḡašš)	غشّينا (ḡaššēna)	غشّيتو (ḡaššētu)	غشّو (ḡaššu)
past	f	غشّيت (ḡaššēt)	غشّيتي (ḡaššēti)	غشّت (ḡaššat)	غشّينا (ḡaššēna)	غشّيتو (ḡaššētu)	غشّو (ḡaššu)
present	m	بغشّ (baḡošš)	بتغشّ (bitḡošš)	بغشّ (biḡošš)	منغشّ (minḡošš)	بتغشّو (bitḡoššu)	بغشّو (biḡoššu)
present	f	بغشّ (baḡošš)	بتغشّي (bitḡošši)	بتغشّ (bitḡošš)	منغشّ (minḡošš)	بتغشّو (bitḡoššu)	بغشّو (biḡoššu)
subjunctive	m	اغشّ (aḡošš)	تغشّ (tḡošš)	يغشّ (yḡošš)	نغشّ (nḡošš)	تغشّو (tḡoššu)	يغشّو (yḡoššu)
subjunctive	f	اغشّ (aḡošš)	تغشّي (tḡošši)	تغشّ (tḡošš)	نغشّ (nḡošš)	تغشّو (tḡoššu)	يغشّو (yḡoššu)
imperative	m		غشّ (ḡošš)			غشّو (ḡoššu)
imperative	f		غشّي (ḡošši)			غشّو (ḡoššu)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian (ğaš), from Arabic غَشْي (ḡašy).

Pronunciation

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /ɣəʃ/

Noun

غَش • (ğaš) m (Hindi spelling ग़श)

References

“غش”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
“غش”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.

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