سخل

Arabic

Etymology

As in some Bedouin dialects also with the first consonant emphatic (صَحَل (ṣaḥal), maybe from Sanskrit छागल (chāgala), छाग (chāga, “goat”), but in an original meaning of a newborn kid, with the meanings of “imperfect” dates or anything imperfect transferred, and from the brutal process of birth a denominal verb “taking or driving out by force”; though Freytag compares to خَسَلَ (ḵasala, “to reject, to cast out”), خُسَّل (ḵussal, “debile, vile”), which he relates further to حِسْل (ḥisl, “young of a spiny tailed lizard”), حَسِيل (ḥasīl, “bull calves; flock of cows”), حَسَلَ (ḥasala, “to propel vehemently”), which also contains a shape حُسَالَة (ḥusāla, “rejected or filed off things; dregs”) mirroring سُخَالَة (suḵāla, “rejected parts of things”), over which he leads us to well-known حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “dregs, refuse of any crop”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), Ancient Greek μᾰσχᾰ́λη (maskhálē, “axil, hollow at the base of a shoot; branch, young palm twig”). In view of خ ث ث (ḵ-ṯ-ṯ) there could be an original biconsonantal base.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /saxl/

Noun

سَخْل • (saḵl) m (collective, singulative سَخْلَة f (saḵla), plural سِخَال (siḵāl) or سُخْلَان (suḵlān) or سِخَلَة (siḵala))

offspring of a sheep or (more widely) a goat; lamb or kid
- 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 1:142:
  بَيْنَا نَحْنُ مَعَ رَسُولِ ٱللّٰهِ صَلَّى ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جُلُوسٌ إِذْ دَفَعَ الرَّاعِي غَنَمَهُ إِلَى الْمُرَاحِ وَمَعَهُ سَخْلَةٌ تَيْعَرُ
  baynā naḥnu maʕa rasūli llāhi ṣallā llāhu ʕalayhi wasallama julūsun ʔiḏ dafaʕa r-rāʕī ḡanamahu ʔilā l-murāḥi wa-maʕa-hū saḵlatun tayʕaru
  We were sitting in the company of the Messenger of God (PBUH) when we saw that a shepherd was driving a herd of sheep to their fold. He had with him a newly-born lamb that was crying.
(Iraq, Khuzistan) goat

Declension

Declension of noun سَخْل (saḵl)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سَخْل saḵl	السَّخْل as-saḵl	سَخْل saḵl
Nominative	سَخْلٌ saḵlun	السَّخْلُ as-saḵlu	سَخْلُ saḵlu
Accusative	سَخْلًا saḵlan	السَّخْلَ as-saḵla	سَخْلَ saḵla
Genitive	سَخْلٍ saḵlin	السَّخْلِ as-saḵli	سَخْلِ saḵli
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سَخْلَيْن saḵlayn	السَّخْلَيْن as-saḵlayn	سَخْلَيْ saḵlay
Nominative	سَخْلَانِ saḵlāni	السَّخْلَانِ as-saḵlāni	سَخْلَا saḵlā
Accusative	سَخْلَيْنِ saḵlayni	السَّخْلَيْنِ as-saḵlayni	سَخْلَيْ saḵlay
Genitive	سَخْلَيْنِ saḵlayni	السَّخْلَيْنِ as-saḵlayni	سَخْلَيْ saḵlay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote‎; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سِخَال‎; سُخْلَان‎; سِخَلَة siḵāl‎; suḵlān‎; siḵala	السِّخَال‎; السُّخْلَان‎; السِّخَلَة as-siḵāl‎; as-suḵlān‎; as-siḵala	سِخَال‎; سُخْلَان‎; سِخَلَة siḵāl‎; suḵlān‎; siḵalat
Nominative	سِخَالٌ‎; سُخْلَانٌ‎; سِخَلَةٌ siḵālun‎; suḵlānun‎; siḵalatun	السِّخَالُ‎; السُّخْلَانُ‎; السِّخَلَةُ as-siḵālu‎; as-suḵlānu‎; as-siḵalatu	سِخَالُ‎; سُخْلَانُ‎; سِخَلَةُ siḵālu‎; suḵlānu‎; siḵalatu
Accusative	سِخَالًا‎; سُخْلَانًا‎; سِخَلَةً siḵālan‎; suḵlānan‎; siḵalatan	السِّخَالَ‎; السُّخْلَانَ‎; السِّخَلَةَ as-siḵāla‎; as-suḵlāna‎; as-siḵalata	سِخَالَ‎; سُخْلَانَ‎; سِخَلَةَ siḵāla‎; suḵlāna‎; siḵalata
Genitive	سِخَالٍ‎; سُخْلَانٍ‎; سِخَلَةٍ siḵālin‎; suḵlānin‎; siḵalatin	السِّخَالِ‎; السُّخْلَانِ‎; السِّخَلَةِ as-siḵāli‎; as-suḵlāni‎; as-siḵalati	سِخَالِ‎; سُخْلَانِ‎; سِخَلَةِ siḵāli‎; suḵlāni‎; siḵalati

Verb

سَخَلَ • (saḵala) I, non-past يَسْخَلُ‎ (yasḵalu) (obsolete)

to repel, to drive away, to banish
to take by deceit or by seizure

Conjugation

Conjugation of

سَخَلَ

(form-I sound, verbal noun سَخْل)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					سَخْل saḵl
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					سَاخِل sāḵil
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَسْخُول masḵūl
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَخَلْتُ saḵaltu	سَخَلْتَ saḵalta	سَخَلَ saḵala	سَخَلْتُمَا saḵaltumā	سَخَلَا saḵalā	سَخَلْنَا saḵalnā	سَخَلْتُمْ saḵaltum	سَخَلُوا saḵalū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	سَخَلْتُ saḵaltu	سَخَلْتِ saḵalti	سَخَلَتْ saḵalat	سَخَلْتُمَا saḵaltumā	سَخَلَتَا saḵalatā	سَخَلْنَا saḵalnā	سَخَلْتُنَّ saḵaltunna	سَخَلْنَ saḵalna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسْخَلُ ʔasḵalu	تَسْخَلُ tasḵalu	يَسْخَلُ yasḵalu	تَسْخَلَانِ tasḵalāni	يَسْخَلَانِ yasḵalāni	نَسْخَلُ nasḵalu	تَسْخَلُونَ tasḵalūna	يَسْخَلُونَ yasḵalūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَسْخَلُ ʔasḵalu	تَسْخَلِينَ tasḵalīna	تَسْخَلُ tasḵalu	تَسْخَلَانِ tasḵalāni	تَسْخَلَانِ tasḵalāni	نَسْخَلُ nasḵalu	تَسْخَلْنَ tasḵalna	يَسْخَلْنَ yasḵalna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسْخَلَ ʔasḵala	تَسْخَلَ tasḵala	يَسْخَلَ yasḵala	تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā	يَسْخَلَا yasḵalā	نَسْخَلَ nasḵala	تَسْخَلُوا tasḵalū	يَسْخَلُوا yasḵalū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَسْخَلَ ʔasḵala	تَسْخَلِي tasḵalī	تَسْخَلَ tasḵala	تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā	تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā	نَسْخَلَ nasḵala	تَسْخَلْنَ tasḵalna	يَسْخَلْنَ yasḵalna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسْخَلْ ʔasḵal	تَسْخَلْ tasḵal	يَسْخَلْ yasḵal	تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā	يَسْخَلَا yasḵalā	نَسْخَلْ nasḵal	تَسْخَلُوا tasḵalū	يَسْخَلُوا yasḵalū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَسْخَلْ ʔasḵal	تَسْخَلِي tasḵalī	تَسْخَلْ tasḵal	تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā	تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā	نَسْخَلْ nasḵal	تَسْخَلْنَ tasḵalna	يَسْخَلْنَ yasḵalna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِسْخَلْ isḵal		اِسْخَلَا isḵalā			اِسْخَلُوا isḵalū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		اِسْخَلِي isḵalī		اِسْخَلَا isḵalā			اِسْخَلْنَ isḵalna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سُخِلْتُ suḵiltu	سُخِلْتَ suḵilta	سُخِلَ suḵila	سُخِلْتُمَا suḵiltumā	سُخِلَا suḵilā	سُخِلْنَا suḵilnā	سُخِلْتُمْ suḵiltum	سُخِلُوا suḵilū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	سُخِلْتُ suḵiltu	سُخِلْتِ suḵilti	سُخِلَتْ suḵilat	سُخِلْتُمَا suḵiltumā	سُخِلَتَا suḵilatā	سُخِلْنَا suḵilnā	سُخِلْتُنَّ suḵiltunna	سُخِلْنَ suḵilna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسْخَلُ ʔusḵalu	تُسْخَلُ tusḵalu	يُسْخَلُ yusḵalu	تُسْخَلَانِ tusḵalāni	يُسْخَلَانِ yusḵalāni	نُسْخَلُ nusḵalu	تُسْخَلُونَ tusḵalūna	يُسْخَلُونَ yusḵalūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُسْخَلُ ʔusḵalu	تُسْخَلِينَ tusḵalīna	تُسْخَلُ tusḵalu	تُسْخَلَانِ tusḵalāni	تُسْخَلَانِ tusḵalāni	نُسْخَلُ nusḵalu	تُسْخَلْنَ tusḵalna	يُسْخَلْنَ yusḵalna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسْخَلَ ʔusḵala	تُسْخَلَ tusḵala	يُسْخَلَ yusḵala	تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā	يُسْخَلَا yusḵalā	نُسْخَلَ nusḵala	تُسْخَلُوا tusḵalū	يُسْخَلُوا yusḵalū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُسْخَلَ ʔusḵala	تُسْخَلِي tusḵalī	تُسْخَلَ tusḵala	تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā	تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā	نُسْخَلَ nusḵala	تُسْخَلْنَ tusḵalna	يُسْخَلْنَ yusḵalna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسْخَلْ ʔusḵal	تُسْخَلْ tusḵal	يُسْخَلْ yusḵal	تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā	يُسْخَلَا yusḵalā	نُسْخَلْ nusḵal	تُسْخَلُوا tusḵalū	يُسْخَلُوا yusḵalū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُسْخَلْ ʔusḵal	تُسْخَلِي tusḵalī	تُسْخَلْ tusḵal	تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā	تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā	نُسْخَلْ nusḵal	تُسْخَلْنَ tusḵalna	يُسْخَلْنَ yusḵalna

Noun

سُخَّل • (suḵḵal) m

weak dates, dates feeble in the stones and/or flesh, dates which are imperfect as incomplete
Synonym: شِيص (šīṣ)

Declension

Declension of noun سُخَّل (suḵḵal)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلُ suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلَ suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلِ suḵḵali

Adjective

سُخَّل • (suḵḵal) (common plural سُخَّل (suḵḵal))

feeble, weak, imperfect or incomplete
low, ignoble, mean, base, vile

Declension

Declension of adjective سُخَّل (suḵḵal)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali

Alternative forms

سُخَّال (suḵḵāl)

References

Behnstedt, Peter, Woidich, Manfred (2010) Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte – Band I: Mensch, Natur, Fauna und Flora (Handbook of Oriental Studies – Handbuch der Orientalistik; 100) (in German), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 266–276
Freytag, Georg (1833) “سخل”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 296
Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “سخل”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 1066
Lane, Edward William (1863) “سخل”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1325b–1325a

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