خندق

Arabic

Etymology 1

An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian (kandak), (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʻandak) (also from Iranian).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /xan.da.qa/

Verb

خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq, non-past يُخَنْدِقُ‎ (yuḵandiqu)

to dig a trench, to make a trench
to dig a moat, to make a moat

Conjugation

Conjugation of

خَنْدَقَ

(form-Iq sound)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					خَنْدَقَة ḵandaqa
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					مُخَنْدِق muḵandiq
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مُخَنْدَق muḵandaq
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خَنْدَقْتُ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتَ ḵandaqta	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقْتُمَا ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā	خَنْدَقْنَا ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُمْ ḵandaqtum	خَنْدَقُوا ḵandaqū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	خَنْدَقْتُ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتِ ḵandaqti	خَنْدَقَتْ ḵandaqat	خَنْدَقْتُمَا ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَتَا ḵandaqatā	خَنْدَقْنَا ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُنَّ ḵandaqtunna	خَنْدَقْنَ ḵandaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدِقُ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُ tuḵandiqu	يُخَنْدِقُ yuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	يُخَنْدِقَانِ yuḵandiqāni	نُخَنْدِقُ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُونَ tuḵandiqūna	يُخَنْدِقُونَ yuḵandiqūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُخَنْدِقُ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقِينَ tuḵandiqīna	تُخَنْدِقُ tuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	نُخَنْدِقُ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدِقَ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَ tuḵandiqa	يُخَنْدِقَ yuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا yuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقَ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقُوا tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا yuḵandiqū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُخَنْدِقَ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقِي tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقَ tuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقَ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدِقْ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْ tuḵandiq	يُخَنْدِقْ yuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا yuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقْ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقُوا tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا yuḵandiqū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُخَنْدِقْ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقِي tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقْ tuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقْ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		خَنْدِقْ ḵandiq		خَنْدِقَا ḵandiqā			خَنْدِقُوا ḵandiqū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		خَنْدِقِي ḵandiqī		خَنْدِقَا ḵandiqā			خَنْدِقْنَ ḵandiqna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خُنْدِقْتُ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتَ ḵundiqta	خُنْدِقَ ḵundiqa	خُنْدِقْتُمَا ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَا ḵundiqā	خُنْدِقْنَا ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُمْ ḵundiqtum	خُنْدِقُوا ḵundiqū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	خُنْدِقْتُ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتِ ḵundiqti	خُنْدِقَتْ ḵundiqat	خُنْدِقْتُمَا ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَتَا ḵundiqatā	خُنْدِقْنَا ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُنَّ ḵundiqtunna	خُنْدِقْنَ ḵundiqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدَقُ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُ tuḵandaqu	يُخَنْدَقُ yuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	يُخَنْدَقَانِ yuḵandaqāni	نُخَنْدَقُ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُونَ tuḵandaqūna	يُخَنْدَقُونَ yuḵandaqūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُخَنْدَقُ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقِينَ tuḵandaqīna	تُخَنْدَقُ tuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	نُخَنْدَقُ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدَقَ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَ tuḵandaqa	يُخَنْدَقَ yuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا yuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقَ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقُوا tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا yuḵandaqū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُخَنْدَقَ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقِي tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقَ tuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقَ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدَقْ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْ tuḵandaq	يُخَنْدَقْ yuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا yuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقْ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقُوا tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا yuḵandaqū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُخَنْدَقْ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقِي tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقْ tuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقْ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /xan.daq/
- (Hijazi) IPA^(key): /xan.daɡ/

Noun

خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق (ḵanādiq))

trench
moat

Declension

Declension of noun خَنْدَق (ḵandaq)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَق ḵandaq	الْخَنْدَق al-ḵandaq	خَنْدَق ḵandaq
Nominative	خَنْدَقٌ ḵandaqun	الْخَنْدَقُ al-ḵandaqu	خَنْدَقُ ḵandaqu
Accusative	خَنْدَقًا ḵandaqan	الْخَنْدَقَ al-ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa
Genitive	خَنْدَقٍ ḵandaqin	الْخَنْدَقِ al-ḵandaqi	خَنْدَقِ ḵandaqi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَقَيْن ḵandaqayn	الْخَنْدَقَيْن al-ḵandaqayn	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Nominative	خَنْدَقَانِ ḵandaqāni	الْخَنْدَقَانِ al-ḵandaqāni	خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā
Accusative	خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Genitive	خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنَادِق ḵanādiq	الْخَنَادِق al-ḵanādiq	خَنَادِق ḵanādiq
Nominative	خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu	الْخَنَادِقُ al-ḵanādiqu	خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu
Accusative	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقَ al-ḵanādiqa	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa
Genitive	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقِ al-ḵanādiqi	خَنَادِقِ ḵanādiqi

Descendants

→ Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
- Middle Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
  - → Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
→ Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
→ Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
- → Latin: Candia
  - → English: Candy
- ⇒ Byzantine Greek: χανδάκιον (khandákion), χαντάκιον (khantákion)
  - Greek: χαντάκι (chantáki), χανδάκι (chandáki)
→ Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
→ Persian: خندق (xandaq), کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)
- → Azerbaijani: xəndək
- → Hindustani:
  Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)
  Urdu: خندق (xandaq)
  Marathi: खंदक (khandak)
  Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)
  Konkani: खंदक (khandak)
  Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)
  Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)
  Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
- → Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
  - Turkish: hendek
  - → Albanian: hendek
  - → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
  - → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
  - → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek
→ Swahili: handaki
→ Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
- → Uzbek: xandaq
→ Uyghur: خەندەك (xendek)

Ottoman Turkish

خندق

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”).

Noun

خندق • (hendek) (plural خنادق (henadik))

(military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
moat, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
(in general) ditch, trench, gutter, any long, shallow indentation
Synonym: آرق (ark) (irrigation ditch)

Derived terms

برج خندغی (burc hendeği, “fosse, moat”)
صو خندغی (su hendeği, “moat”)
قورو خندغی (kuru hendeği, “dried ditch”)

Descendants

Turkish: hendek
→ Albanian: hendek
→ Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
→ Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
→ Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

Persian

Alternative forms

کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)

Etymology

From Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian (handak, “moat”)).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xan.daq]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xän̪.d̪äq]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæn̪.d̪æɢ̥]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χän̪.d̪äq]

Readings
Classical reading^?	xandaq
Dari reading^?	xandaq
Iranian reading^?	xandağ
Tajik reading^?	xandaq

Noun

خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندق‌ها (xandaq-hâ))

moat

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: xəndək
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)

Urdu: خندق (xandaq)

Marathi: खंदक (khandak)

Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)

Konkani: खंदक (khandak)

Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)

Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)

Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
→ Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
- Turkish: hendek
- → Albanian: hendek
- → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
- → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
- → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

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خندق

Arabic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Persian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants