استخدام

Arabic

Root
خ د م (ḵ-d-m)

Etymology

From the root خ د م (ḵ-d-m), from اِسْتَخْدَمَ (istaḵdama).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /is.tix.daːm/
Audio (file)

Noun

اِسْتِخْدَام • (istiḵdām) m (plural اِسْتِخْدَامَات (istiḵdāmāt))

verbal noun of اِسْتَخْدَمَ (istaḵdama) (form X)
use
Synonym: اِسْتِعْمَال (istiʕmāl)
making use of or hiring one's services
looking out for work or service

Declension

Declension of noun اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْدَام istiḵdām	الِاسْتِخْدَام al-istiḵdām	اِسْتِخْدَام istiḵdām
Nominative	اِسْتِخْدَامٌ istiḵdāmun	الِاسْتِخْدَامُ al-istiḵdāmu	اِسْتِخْدَامُ istiḵdāmu
Accusative	اِسْتِخْدَامًا istiḵdāman	الِاسْتِخْدَامَ al-istiḵdāma	اِسْتِخْدَامَ istiḵdāma
Genitive	اِسْتِخْدَامٍ istiḵdāmin	الِاسْتِخْدَامِ al-istiḵdāmi	اِسْتِخْدَامِ istiḵdāmi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْن istiḵdāmayn	الِاسْتِخْدَامَيْن al-istiḵdāmayn	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْ istiḵdāmay
Nominative	اِسْتِخْدَامَانِ istiḵdāmāni	الِاسْتِخْدَامَانِ al-istiḵdāmāni	اِسْتِخْدَامَا istiḵdāmā
Accusative	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ istiḵdāmayni	الِاسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ al-istiḵdāmayni	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْ istiḵdāmay
Genitive	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ istiḵdāmayni	الِاسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ al-istiḵdāmayni	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْ istiḵdāmay
Plural	sound feminine plural
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْدَامَات istiḵdāmāt	الِاسْتِخْدَامَات al-istiḵdāmāt	اِسْتِخْدَامَات istiḵdāmāt
Nominative	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتٌ istiḵdāmātun	الِاسْتِخْدَامَاتُ al-istiḵdāmātu	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتُ istiḵdāmātu
Accusative	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتٍ istiḵdāmātin	الِاسْتِخْدَامَاتِ al-istiḵdāmāti	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتِ istiḵdāmāti
Genitive	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتٍ istiḵdāmātin	الِاسْتِخْدَامَاتِ al-istiḵdāmāti	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتِ istiḵdāmāti

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: istixdam
→ Persian: استخدام
→ Ottoman Turkish: استخدام (istihdâm)
- → Turkish: istihdam

References

Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “استخدام”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
Wehr, Hans (1979) “خير”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

Pashto

Etymology

From Arabic اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām).

Noun

استخدام • (estexdām) m

employment

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʔis.tix.ˈdɑːm]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪx.d̪ɑ́ːm]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪx.d̪ɑ́ːm]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔis.t̪ʰix.d̪ɔ́ːm]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔes.t̪ʰex.d̪ɒ́ːm]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔis.t̪ʰiχ.d̪ɔ́m]

Readings
Classical reading^?	istixdām
Dari reading^?	istixdām
Iranian reading^?	estexdâm
Tajik reading^?	istixdom

Noun


Iranian Persian	اِسْتِخدام
Dari	اِسْتِخدام
Tajik	истихдом

استخدام • (estexdâm)

employment
― qarârdâd-e estexdâm ― employment contract

Derived terms

استخدام شدن (estexdâm šodan, “to be employed”)
استخدام کردن (estexdâm kardan, “to employ”)

South Levantine Arabic

Root
خ د م
5 terms

Etymology

From Arabic اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām). Equivalent to the verbal noun of استخدم (istaḵdam, “to use”) .

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /is.tix.daːm/, [ɪs.tɪxˈdæːm]
Audio (Ramallah) (file)

Noun

استخدام • (istiḵdām) m

use, usage
Synonym: استعمال (istiʕmāl)

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