ء ث م

Arabic

Etymology

Cognate with Hebrew א־ש־ם (ʾ-š-m) and Ugaritic 𐎀𐎘𐎎 (ảṯm, “to be in debt for”). The origin, beyond its mere presence during Central Semitic unity, is unknown. A relation with و ث م (w-ṯ-m), which refers to some basic idea of compaction, comminution and paucity, is possible: compare the root relation of إِبِل (ʔibil).

Root

ء ث م • (ʔ-ṯ-m)

  1. related to acts which retard from recompense, hence sin

Derived terms
Verbs and verb derivatives
  • Form I: أَثِمَ (ʔaṯima, “to act in a manner that retards from recompense, to sin”)
    • Verbal noun: إِثْم (ʔiṯm), أَثَام (ʔaṯām), مَأْثَم (maʔṯam)
    • Active participle: آثِم (ʔāṯim)
  • Form II: أَثَّمَ (ʔaṯṯama, “to make or consider a sinner”)
    • Verbal noun: تَأْثِيم (taʔṯīm)
    • Active participle: مُؤَثِّم (muʔaṯṯim)
    • Passive participle: مُؤَثَّم (muʔaṯṯam)
  • Form IV: آثَمَ (ʔāṯama, “to make fall into sin”)
    • Verbal noun: إِيثَام (ʔīṯām)
    • Active participle: مُؤْثِم (muʔṯim)
    • Passive participle: مُؤْثَم (muʔṯam)
  • Form V: تَأَثَّمَ (taʔaṯṯama, “to become sinful”)
    • Verbal noun: تَأَثُّم (taʔaṯṯum)
    • Active participle: مُتَأَثِّم (mutaʔaṯṯim)
  • أَثِيم (ʔaṯīm), آثُوم (ʔāṯūm) as also آثِم (ʔāṯim, “sinful”)
  • أَثِيم (ʔaṯīm), أَثِيمَة (ʔaṯīma, “the habitual commission of acts which retard from recompense”)
  • آثِمَة (ʔāṯima, “a tardy she-camel”)

References
  • Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 12
  • Freytag, Georg (1830) “ء ث م”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 14; see Freytag, Georg (1837) “و ث م”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 435b–436a
  • Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 206
  • Lane, Edward William (1863) “ء ث م”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 21–22
  • Wehr, Hans (1979) “ء ث م”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 6a
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