χωλός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Seemingly, a formation with the suffix -λός like στρεβλός (streblós) and τυφλός (tuphlós), but without obvious etymology. Perhaps it belongs to χαλάω (khaláō, “to slacken, relax”) or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave behind, abandon”), the same root of χήρα (khḗra, “widow”), because a lame person is someone who lags or stays behind. Connections to Sanskrit खोर are uncertain.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰɔː.lós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kʰoˈlos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /xoˈlos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /xoˈlos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /xoˈlos/

Adjective

χωλός • (khōlós) m (feminine χωλή, neuter χωλόν); first/second declension

lame, halting, limping
Synonym: σκιμβός (skimbós)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.217
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.503
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.308
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.92
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 486
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1032
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.161
- 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 24
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.739B
- 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Timon 20
- 446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, Collected Works 343
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Prorrhetics 2.1
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 794E
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 1.5
1. (figuratively) maimed, imperfect, defective
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 71E
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 535D
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.3.3
  - Hephaestio, Collected Works 5.4
  - 350 BCE – 280 BCE, Demetrius of Phalerum, On Style 301
  - 200 CE – 300 CE, Aristides Quintilianus, On Music 1.25
  - 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Herodas, Collected Works 1.71

Inflection

First and second declension of χωλός; χωλή; χωλόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	χωλός khōlós	χωλή khōlḗ	χωλόν khōlón	χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλᾱ́ khōlā́	χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλοί khōloí	χωλαί khōlaí	χωλᾰ́ khōlá
Genitive	χωλοῦ khōloû	χωλῆς khōlês	χωλοῦ khōloû	χωλοῖν khōloîn	χωλαῖν khōlaîn	χωλοῖν khōloîn	χωλῶν khōlôn	χωλῶν khōlôn	χωλῶν khōlôn
Dative	χωλῷ khōlôi	χωλῇ khōlêi	χωλῷ khōlôi	χωλοῖν khōloîn	χωλαῖν khōlaîn	χωλοῖν khōloîn	χωλοῖς khōloîs	χωλαῖς khōlaîs	χωλοῖς khōloîs
Accusative	χωλόν khōlón	χωλήν khōlḗn	χωλόν khōlón	χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλᾱ́ khōlā́	χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλούς khōloús	χωλᾱ́ς khōlā́s	χωλᾰ́ khōlá
Vocative	χωλέ khōlé	χωλή khōlḗ	χωλόν khōlón	χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλᾱ́ khōlā́	χωλώ khōlṓ	χωλοί khōloí	χωλαί khōlaí	χωλᾰ́ khōlá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	χωλῶς khōlôs			χωλότερος khōlóteros			χωλότᾰτος khōlótatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

χωλαίνω (khōlaínō)
χώλανσις (khṓlansis)
χώλασμα (khṓlasma)
χωλάω (khōláō)
χωλεία (khōleía)
χώλευμα (khṓleuma)
χωλεύω (khōleúō)
χωλίαμβος (khōlíambos)
χωλοκράββατον (khōlokrábbaton)
χωλόομαι (khōlóomai)
χωλοποιός (khōlopoiós)
χωλόπους (khōlópous)
χωλότης (khōlótēs)
χώλωμα (khṓlōma)
χώλωσις (khṓlōsis)

Descendants

→⇒? Mingrelian: ქულა (kula, “lame”), ქულაფა (kulapa)