Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Hourly 3

This is a composite image of the Whirlpool Galaxy (also known as M51). Credit: Joint Astronomy Centre, University of British Columbia and NASA/HST (STScI).

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the third of three hourlies. It covers the third sixteen lectures, the third set of five mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories.

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Quiz

Point added for a correct answer:
Points for an incorrect answer:
Ignore the questions' coefficients:

Match up the likely surface fusion activity with the image:

CME - A

coronal clouds - B

solar flare - C

neutrinos from the solar octant - D

coronal loops - E

prominences - F

.

.

.

.

	Spica
	Tau Canis Majoris
	Bellatrix
	Rigel
	Regulus
	Achernar

Magnetic fields can be created in

stratified (non-convective) layers in a

rotating star.

	Yes
	No

	observations made through a narrow band 5007 filter
	internal extinction
	star forming regions
	relatively dust-free environments
	found in galaxies of all Hubble types
	almost as luminous as the brightest red supergiants

	TRUE
	FALSE

.

	extensively long quiet Sun
	lowest ¹⁴C concentration from as far back as 1100 BP.
	a period of lower-than-average European temperatures
	a surface coverage of about 88%
	only about 50 sunspots during one 30-year period
	11-year cycles

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Hydrogen - H, or D

Helium - He

Lithium - Li

Beryllium - Be

Boron - B

Carbon - C

Nitrogen - N

Oxygen - O

Fluorine - F

Neon - Ne

consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos

.

isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos

fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos

.

a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere

.

detected with X-rays on the Moon

.

an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars

.

detected marginally on Venus with Chandra

.

found in the X-ray spectra of comets

.

consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos

.

a surface impurity on meteorites

.

	coronal mass ejections
	rotation
	magnetic clouds
	coronal clouds
	plasma
	magnetic field lines

Match up the observation with the binary star:

Sirius A and B - A

Algol A and B - B

Albireo - C

WISE J1049-5319 - D

Mizar A - E

Minkowski 2-9 - F

.

.

Algol AB movie imaged with the CHARA interferometer - labeled.gif

.

	Sirius A
	Vega
	Bellatrix
	Deneb
	Altair
	Fomalhaut

	TRUE
	FALSE

	luminosities below ~3 x 10³⁸ erg/s
	a few SSS with luminosities ≥10³⁹ erg/s
	synchrotron radiation
	a photosphere
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

The nuclear processes that produce cosmogenic ³⁶Cl in rocks are

, neutron

, and

capture.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	solar photosphere
	a hole in the granulated photosphere
	production of ⁷Be
	rotation
	solar cycle
	starspots
	flip-flop cycle

Most

and

originate in magnetically

around visible

groupings.

	axisymmetric magnetic field
	sulfur volcanoes
	non-dipolar
	water oceans
	bipolar magnetotail
	detached bow shock
	obtuse rotation

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the Sun
	the Small Magellanic Cloud
	Scorpius X-1
	the Large Magellanic Cloud
	a Seyfert 1 galaxy

	characteristic mottling
	discreteness of the stars
	measurable bumpiness in surface brightness
	incipient resolution
	MMRDs
	easy to recognize

Match up the type of star with each of the characteristics below:

solar twin - A

solar analog - B

solar type - C

double star - D

binary - E

visual binary - F

astrometric binary - G

spectroscopic binary - H

eclipsing binary - I

detached binary - J

semidetached binary - K

contact binary - L

common-envelope binary - M

area of gravitational pull exceeds the other component

.

same line of sight

.

wobbling around a point

.

no close companion with an orbital period of ten days or less

.

resolved binary using visual astronomy

.

periodic variation in radial velocity

.

each component fills the other's area of gravitational pull

.

F8V through K2V

.

unstable mass transfer from one to the other

.

mutual eclipses

.

two orbiting around each other

no stellar companion

.

one component does not exceed the gravitational pull area

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	solar cycle
	closed magnetic structures
	solar wind
	long-lived loop arcades
	helmet streamers
	the Sun

Match up the letter for the object name with the radio or radar image below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Moon (South Pole) - E

Moon (North Pole) - F

Moon (850 micron thermal emission) - G

Mars (North Pole cross section) - H

Toustatis - I

Jupiter - J

Saturn - K

Titan - L

Interstellar medium - M

Milky Way - N

3C 98 - O

3C 31 - P

3C 380 - Q

Moon (self radiation) - R

NGC 4151 - S

GRS 1915 - T

M87 - U

3C 279 - V

IRC+10216 - W

Boomerang nebula - X

R Sculptoris - Y

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

	many examples within reach of parallax measurements
	internal extinction
	star forming regions
	sufficiently bright
	local group galaxies
	almost as luminous as the brightest red supergiants

	tachyons
	an optical illusion
	the object partly moving in the direction of the observer
	large amounts of mass moving at close to half the speed of light
	speed calculations assume it does not move in the direction of the observer
	velocities close to the speed of light relative to our reference frame

	Proxima Centauri
	Alpha Centauri B
	Barnard's star
	Alpha Centauri A
	Rigel Kent
	Alpha Centauri C
	Alpha Centauri D

A three-color (850, 650, and 350 GHz) single-pixel

system has been installed on the

Submillimeter Telescope (ASTE) and several massive star forming regions were mapped to derive submillimeter SEDs of these sources.

	lack silicon lines
	lack hydrogen lines
	lack helium lines
	lack lithium lines
	expanding photosphere method
	almost as luminous as the brightest red supergiants

	TRUE
	FALSE

	far-infrared (submillimeter) observations at 350 microns
	neutrino detection
	heating of the nearby gas and dust
	near-infrared covering 1.3 and 2.2 microns
	infrared covering 4.5 and 8.0 microns

	they are extremely luminous
	can be observed at very large distances
	they emit their own light signature
	GeV gamma rays
	reverberation mapping
	tight relationship between the luminosity of an AGN and the radius of its broad line region

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Comets - E

Mars - F

Jupiter - G

Saturn - H

Auroral currents on the order of 10⁶ Amps

Fluorescent radiation from oxygen at ~130 km above the surface

.

Faint halo of X-rays extending out some 7,000 km

.

Solar wind lighting up with X-rays

.

Bright X-ray arcs at low energy

.

Major source of hard X-rays

.

X-ray emission concentrated near the equator

.

Low surface iron content in minerals

.

	spans three decades in wavelength
	spans three decades in frequency
	spans three decades in energy
	emitted by ²⁶Al
	coronal clouds
	60 keV electromagnetic radiation
	90 eV electromagnetic radiation
	visually dark source

	very hot helium blue
	ionized oxygen emitting green
	red light from ionized nitrogen
	oxygen forbidden line emission
	Hα
	a forbidden line of sulfur

	Polaris
	Alrakis
	Bellatrix
	Procyon
	Canopus
	Wezen

Match up the type of silicate with the name:

cyclosilicate - A

inosilicate - B

orthosilicate - C

sorosilicate - D

phyllosilicate - E

tectosilicate - F

structurally isolated double tetrahedra

.

single chain of tetrahedra

.

a continuous framework of tetrahedra

.

a ring of linked tetrahedra

.

a two-dimensional sheet of tetrahedra

isolated tetrahedra

.

	a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind
	a bubble in space
	virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself
	Voyager 2
	Voyager 1
	the termination shock

Match up the type of speed effect with each of the possibilities below:

superluminal - A

luminal - B

subluminal - C

transluminal - D

tachyons - E

tardyons - F

speeds which cross the speed of light

.

speed equal to that of light

.

particles moving at speeds slower than light

.

speed less than light

.

particles moving at speeds faster than light

speed greater than light

.

	characteristic mottling
	luminosity functions
	turnover point
	incipient resolution
	dispersion of the distribution
	easy to recognize
	log-normal function

	no stellar companion
	temperature within 500 K solar
	metallicity of 50-200% solar
	orbital period of greater than 11 d
	K0V permitted
	K1V permitted

	H I
	N_H
	neutral hydrogen
	He II
	dust grains
	X-ray sources

	TRUE
	FALSE

	Cepheid variables
	Type Ia supernovae
	the Sun
	stellar spectral type
	absolute magnitude
	Tully-Fisher relation

.

	it's a primordial population III star
	it passes once a year across the Lockman Hole
	silicates have been discovered in its interior structure
	optical reflectance studies have found evidence of magnesium
	it has a metallicity
	it has a surface temperature of ~700 K

	characteristic mottling
	young, disk objects
	recent star formation
	incipient resolution
	pulsation phenomenon
	easy to recognize
	correction for absorption

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the magnetic north pole
	gravity
	neutral neodymium atoms
	electrons
	temperatures below 10⁴ K
	solar positron events

Match up the altitude region with its altitude:

troposphere - A

stratosphere - B

mesosphere - C

thermosphere - D

exosphere - E

58 to 68 km

.

surface to between 8,000 and 18,000 m

.

143 km to 153 km

.

10,818 to 10,828 km

.

818 km to 828 km

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the standard candle with a representative image:

Tully-Fisher relation - A

surface brightness fluctuations - B

absolute magnitude - C

globular clusters - D

active galactic nuclei - E

Type Ia supernova - F

classical Cepheid variable - G

novae - H

planetary nebula - I

Maximum magnitude-rate of decline for novae.gif

.

B-, R-, I-, and H-band Tully-Fisher relations.gif

.

.

.

Luminosity function for globular clusters.gif

.

	titanium
	yttrium
	navels
	a number of emission lines very close together
	many impact craters on Io
	ScO

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the muonic device with its image below:

muon telescope - A

proton accelerator - B

neutron telescope - C

Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT200 - D

muon spectrometer - E

IceCube - F

MAGIC - G

Veritas - H

HEGRA - I

HESS - J

compact solenoid - K

.

Scherrer Insitute proton accelerator.jpg

.

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the form or type of quartz with the effect:

alpha quartz - A

coesite - B

cristobalite - C

stishovite - D

seifertite - E

tridymite - F

10 GPa and above 1200°C

.

2-3 gigapascals and 700°C

.

22-460°C tabular crystals

.

trigonal tectosilicate

.

35 GPa to 40 GPa orthorhombic

1470°C cubic or tetragonal form

.

	calcium emission lines
	TiO absorption lines
	chromium emission lines
	Fe emission lines
	a decrease in redness
	emission lines of Ti

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a great many light gray and dark gray chondrules present
	large grain cross sections making sizing easy
	an available sizing or magnification marker
	independent verification as a meteorite
	correctable diameters and relative abundances
	optical conditions

	possible orbits
	a hyperbolic orbit
	nuclear fusion at its core
	nuclear fusion in its chromosphere
	near the barycenter of its planetary system
	accretion
	electric arcs
	impact craters
	radar signature

	TRUE
	FALSE

	lithium
	a temperature well below the stellar range
	methane absorption
	the lithium test
	X-rays
	T dwarfs

	emission of electromagnetic radiation from a superluminal charged particle
	intensity of some components decays as the inverse of the distance from the source
	non-spherically-decaying sources
	emission contains very high frequencies not present in the synthesis of the source
	non-spherically decaying components of the radiation do not violate energy conservation
	strong electromagnetic fields are compensated by weak fields elsewhere

	a rapid rise in temperature
	not practical to prevent cosmic-ray events
	understanding their behavior
	deglitching
	operating in a relatively high cosmic-ray flux

	the atmosphere of the Earth
	the stratosphere
	X-rays
	a rocket
	a balloon
	a Boeing 747
	infrared astronomy

Charged-current charged pion production is a process in which a

interacts with an atomic

and produces a

, a charged

and recoiling nuclear fragments.

Match up the stellar image with the radiation astronomy:

meteor astronomy - A

neutrino astronomy - B

gamma-ray astronomy - C

X-ray astronomy - D

ultraviolet astronomy - E

visual astronomy - F

violet astronomy - G

blue astronomy - H

yellow astronomy - I

red astronomy - J

orange astronomy - K

infrared astronomy - L

radio astronomy - M

.

.

.

.

.

.

	its large volume
	equivalent charge
	amount of Cherenkov light
	square of the charge
	passing through the Earth
	large monopole mass

	occurring in inert and non-radioactive elements
	high pressure
	brittle fracture
	solids under compression
	low-energy reactions
	take place in nuclei with an atomic weight ≤ iron

Match up the superluminal detector with the image:

Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope - A

International Ultraviolet Explorer - B

C. Donald Shane telescope - C

2.3m Bok Telescope - D

VLA - E

LHCb - F

AMS-02 - G

.

.

	quartz is the second most abundant mineral
	an atmosphere containing CO₂
	green, red, blue, and yellow airglow
	the production and escape of hot H⁺ ions
	oxygen emissions
	helium ions

	have a gaseous surface
	long nickel-iron crystals
	octahedrite
	kamacite
	taenite
	plessite

	means for concentrating actinide elements and for separating actinide elements from reactor poisons exist
	thermonuclear fusion reactions in stars are ignited by nuclear fission energy
	dark matter
	the feasibility of thermal neutron fission and fast neutron fission in planetary and protostellar matter may be calculated from nuclear reactor theory
	brown dwarfs

	plate tectonics in its past
	Mars is spheroidal
	stripes of crustal magnetism
	it appears to be in hydrostatic equilibrium
	transform faults
	two natural satelites
	the direction of the magnetic field changes dramatically from place to place

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Balloons - A

Sounding rockets - B

Aircraft assisted launches - C

Orbital rocketry - D

Shuttle payload - E

Heliocentric rocketry - F

Exploratory rocketry - G

Lunar rover - H

Ranger 5

microcalorimeter arrays

.

MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy

.

Lunokhod 2

.

ALEXIS

.

Ulysses

.

Broad Band X-Ray Telescope

.

Solar Heliospheric Observatory

.

	altitude
	local horizon
	sky
	lower hemisphere
	a great circle
	zenith
	nadir

Match up the sounding rocket with each of the images below:

Nike-Black Brant VC - A

V 2 - B

Vertikal 1 - C

Nike-Asp - D

Skylark - E

Veronique - F

Black Brant XII - G

Viking - H

Terrier Sandhawk - I

.

Terrier-Sandhawk rocket, Kauai Test Facility (1976).jpg

.

.

.

	a rapid rise in temperature
	a gradual, long-lasting component
	large apparent source sizes
	synchrotron emission
	a magnetic field strength of ≥ 200 Gauss
	a close correlation in time and space of radio emission with pion production

	the delta of the Mississippi river is higher than its source
	a unit of distance in astronomy and geology
	falls between the equatorial maximum and the polar minimum
	the geoid length
	a balloon
	McMurdo Station
	Greenland

Match up the type of radiation with each of the superluminal possibilities below:

meteors - A

electrons - B

neutrinos - C

gamma rays - D

X-rays - E

opticals - F

superluminal signal transfer

.

sychrotron emission through the optical into the X-ray regime

.

conelike illumination pattern

.

electroweak Cherenkov radiation

.

index of refraction is often greater than 1

knots

.

	plate tectonics in its past
	dipole magnetic field
	it is spheroidal
	stripes of crustal magnetism
	a circular electric current flowing deep within the star
	it appears to be in hydrostatic equilibrium
	transform faults
	shear between different parts of the Sun
	two natural satellites
	it has a radiative zone

Match up the approximate luminosity class with each of the stellar class possibilities below:

0 - A

I - B

II - C

III - D

IV - E

V - F

VI - G

VII - H

giants

.

supergiants

.

white dwarfs

.

main-sequence

.

bright giants

.

subdwarfs

.

subgiants

hypergiants

.

	refractive index
	decrease in index
	Scorpius X-1
	group velocity can be boosted to beyond the velocity of its constituent waves
	resonance of ionized hydrogen

Match up the altitude with its concept:

altitude - A

meters above sea level - B

indicated altitude - C

absolute altitude - D

true altitude - E

height - F

pressure altitude - G

density altitude - H

altitude in terms of distance above a certain point

masl

.

usually a vertical distance measurement

.

altitude in terms of the density of the air

.

the altimeter reading

.

altitude in terms of air pressure

.

altitude in elevation above sea level

.

distance above the ground directly

.

	CH₃O
	C₂H₂
	C₂H₄
	C₃H₄
	C₆H₆
	H₂O

	chondrules
	the Ca/Si ratio
	the Al/Si ratio
	enstatite rather than diopside
	oxygen isotope ratios
	observed orbit and fall with verified recovery

	the Spring of 1994
	4,000 light-years away
	VLT observations
	GRS 1915
	MERLIN
	Jodrell Bank

	lanthanum (La)
	calcium (Ca)
	uranium (U)
	titanium (Ti)
	silicon (Si)
	iron (Fe)

	plate tectonics in its past
	an electrically conductive fluid medium
	a spheroidal object
	stripes of crustal magnetism
	local magnetohydrodynamic instabilities
	transform faults
	shear between different parts
	two natural satelites
	an energy source

Match up the effective temperature with its spectral class:

O - A

B - B

A - C

F - D

G - E

K - F

M - G

L - H

T - I

Y - J

7,000 K

.

2,000 K

15,000 K

.

4,000 K

.

400 K

9,000 K

.

3,000 K

.

5,500 K

45,000 K

.

1,000 K

	the occurrence of rock types on the surface of rocky objects
	the Earth and other rocky objects may have a mantle
	checking equations about complex systems
	the advantages of radar
	digging holes in the surface of the Moon
	surface temperatures low enough to produce methane lakes

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Chemistry - A

Geography - B

History - C

Mathematics - D

Physics - E

Science - F

Technology - G

Geology - H

solar eclipses

a spatial frequency of occurrence or extent

.

radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun

.

elemental abundances

.

microcalorimeter arrays

.

The Ariel V /3 A/ catalogue of X-ray sources. II - Sources at high galactic latitude |b| > 10°

.

Carancas meteorite

.

a thermal bremsstrahlung source may fit

.

	3C 345
	3C 48
	3C 263
	3C 179
	3C 245
	3C 279

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the observation with the phenomena:

B1828+487 - A

PKS0521-36 - B

Fanaroff-Riley (FR) type II radio source - C

prototypical type 2 Seyfert - D

Frank–Tamm formula - E

a type 1 Seyfert - F

.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	high-energy cosmic rays
	secondary and tertiary cosmic rays
	nuclear interactions between neutrons and quartz
	nuclear interactions between muons and calcite
	production rates of a few atoms per gram of rock per year
	build-up of cosmogenic nuclides through time

Match up the white dwarf classification with its distinctive characteristic:

DA - A

DB - B

DC - C

DO - D

DQ - E

DX - F

DZ - G

a helium-rich atmosphere, indicated He II spectral lines

.

a helium-rich atmosphere, indicated He I spectral lines

.

spectral lines are insufficiently clear to classify

.

no strong spectral lines

.

a metal-rich atmosphere

.

a carbon-rich atmosphere

a hydrogen-rich atmosphere

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the characteristics with the type of dynamo:

disc dynamo - A

geodynamo - B

radiative dynamo - C

α dynamo - D

Ω dynamo - E

radiative α-Ω dynamo - F

Taylor-Spruit dynamo - G

convection

.

pinch-type instabilites

.

molten outer core

.

turbulence, a radiative layer, and differential rotation

.

radiative layers

.

differential rotation

.

a rotating cylinder

.

	magnesium
	aluminum
	sulfur
	inclinations as high as 50°
	calcium
	dysprosium

Match up the type of stellar surface fusion with each of the possibilities below:

symbiotic nova - A

recurrent nova - B

flare star (flaring) - C

accretion - D

coronal loops - E

amplitude of between 9 and 11 magnitudes

.

a close companion star that overflows its Roche lobe

.

about every 20 years

.

unpredictable dramatic increases in brightness for a few minutes

.

the basic structure of the lower corona and transition region

Match up the likely type of star fission with each of the possibilities below:

a triple-component stellar multiple - A

massive star fission - B

semidetached binary - C

a separating close contact binary - D

ZAMS system - E

tight, circular orbit, impossible to tell eclipses - F

lobate star - G

coronal mass ejection - H

BH Centauri

.

Plaskett's Star (HR 2422)

.

Betelgeuse

W Ursae Majoris

.

Beta Lyrae

.

V1010 Ophiuchi

object is confirmed to be co-moving

.

Sun

.

Hypotheses

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