Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Hourly 1

The pseudo-colour image is of the large-scale radio structure of the FRII radio galaxy 3C98. Lobes, jet and hotspot are labelled. Credit: .

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the first of three hourlies. It covers the first sixteen lectures, the first five mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories.

You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time.

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Quiz

Point added for a correct answer:
Points for an incorrect answer:
Ignore the questions' coefficients:

	a measure of neutron half-life suggested by Enrico Fermi
	a particle flux
	a unit per steradian (sr)
	the number of bubbles generated in a hydrogen bubble chamber used to detect neutrinos
	Niels Bohr was opposed to the pfu interpretation of beta decay
	a measure of the scatter energy of a neutrino hitting a proton

	meter
	acre
	chain
	acorn
	tympan
	гектар
	reach

	Jupiter
	the solar wind
	the diffuse X-ray background
	Saturn
	Mount Redoubt in Alaska
	the asteroid belt
	the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun
	the Oort cloud
	the Kuiper belt

	Yes
	No

	a chargon
	a spinon
	taking place inside solids
	extremely tight confinement
	neutron affinity
	X-ray absorption

	redder color indices
	closer stars more affected
	color excess
	observed color index minus intrinsic color index
	red shift
	blue shift

	hard spectrum
	Jovian electrons near Earth are on their way to the Sun
	an energy power law
	flux increases with 27 day periodicities
	at 1 AU, flux decreases exhibit a short-term modulation of 13 minutes
	come in mutable varieties

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the star with the constellation:

Capella - A

Sirius - B

Deneb - C

Anser - D

Altair - E

Vega - F

Vulpecula

.

Canis Major

.

Lyra

.

Cygnus

.

Aquila

Auriga

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Gamma rays - G

Superluminals - H

cosmic rays

galactic nuclei

.

comets

.

electron-positron annihilation

.

weak force nuclear decay

.

AGNs

.

511 keV photon pair production

.

solar wind

.

	a core which emits neutrinos
	a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes
	gravity
	near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system
	the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water
	coronal clouds
	chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere

The zenith orientation faces

from Earth into space, while the nadir orientation faces straight

to Earth.

	ultraviolet emission
	X-ray emission
	gamma-ray emission
	neutron emission
	⁷Be emission
	meteor emission

Match up the radiation type with the satellite:

meteor - A

cosmic ray - B

neutral atoms - C

neutron - D

proton - E

electron - F

positron - G

neutrino - H

gamma ray - I

X-ray - J

ultraviolet - K

optical - L

visual - M

violet - N

blue - O

cyan - P

green - Q

yellow - R

orange - S

red - T

infrared - U

submillimeter - V

microwave - W

radio - X

radar - Y

superluminal - Z

.

.

.

.

.

.

STS-134 International Space Station after undocking.jpg

.

.

.

.

.

Galileo Energetic Particles Detector.jpg

.

.

	origin
	acceleration process
	neutrinos
	life history
	dynamic contribution
	nucleosynthesis
	behavior in the interplanetary medium
	X-rays
	ultraviolets
	visuals
	trapped particle environment
	a steady rise in May 2012 of collisions with high energy particles above 70 MeV
	a dramatic drop in collisions in late August

	students in the India must use Greenwich mean time
	about 5 x 10⁸ years ago
	a high-powered robotic telescope was lost on the shuttle Cambrian
	a student in Xinjiang has an abacus configured to the geologic time scale
	on-site use of two high-powered telescopes is available
	trilobites tried to communicate with Earth

	driven by current gradients
	neutral atoms
	closed tube loops
	twisted flux
	open field lines
	synchrotron radiation

Match up the item letter with each of the detectors or satellites below:

Bonner Ball Neutron Detector - A

Multi Mirror Telescope - B

MAGIC telescope - C

Explorer 11 - D

HEAO 3 - E

Helios - F

Pioneer 10 - G

Voyager 1 - H

.

Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Neutrinos - G

Muons - H

Gamma rays - I

X-rays - J

Ultraviolet rays - K

Optical rays - L

Visual rays - M

Violet rays - N

Blue rays - O

Cyan rays - P

Green rays - Q

Yellow rays - R

Orange rays - S

Red rays - T

Infrared rays - U

Submillimeter rays - V

Radio rays - W

Superluminal rays - X

multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials

.

F547M

.

511 keV gamma-ray peak

.

F675W

.

broad-band filter centered at 404 nm

.

a cloud chamber

.

ring-imaging Cherenkov

.

coherers

.

effective area is larger by 10⁴

.

F588N

.

pyroelectrics

.

a blemish about 8,000 km long

.

a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate

.

coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum

.

thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals

.

F606W

.

aluminum nitride

.

heavy water

.

18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm

.

wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co²⁺ (Zn_1-xCo_xO)

.

a recoiling nucleus

high-purity germanium

.

magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions

.

2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Gamma rays - G

Superluminals - H

X-ray jets

the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency

.

iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium

.

Sagittarius X-1

.

escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary

.

collisions with argon atoms

.

X-rays are emitted as they slow down

.

Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra

.

	it's subject to solar eclipses
	it increases underwater
	cosmic rays do not penetrate the atmosphere
	is higher at the base of the Eiffel tower rather than the top
	is obscured by hot-air balloons
	the ionization rate rises at rising elevation

	if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and a_x equals a_y, then RA equals 6^h
	if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and a_x equals a_y, then RA equals 3^h
	the value of a is given by $a={\sqrt {a_{x}^{2}+a_{y}^{2}+a_{z}^{2}}}$
	if a_x equals a_y equals a_z, then the declination is -45°
	if a_x equals a_y equals a_z, then the declination is +45°

27 True or False, The flux density or monochromatic flux, $S$ , of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance, $B$ , over the source solid angle:

$S=\iint _{\mathrm {source} }B(\Omega )\mathrm {d} \Omega =\iint _{\mathrm {source} }B(\theta ,\phi )\sin \theta \,d\theta \,d\varphi$ .

	TRUE
	FALSE

	angular momentum transfer
	solar wind
	protons
	electrons
	the baryon neutrino
	charge neutralization

	s-waves
	the sum of the spins
	neutrinos
	Pauli's exclusion principle
	deuterium
	radio waves

	catching a beam
	one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled
	it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on
	impervious to some traveling rays
	a secondary-object hazard

	TRUE
	FALSE

	Chandra X-ray Observatory
	Big Bear
	TRACE
	Kodaikanal
	the Hubble
	Lomnický štít
	McMath-Pierce
	SOFIA
	Rosetta

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a core which emits neutrinos
	Fermi's β-decay theory
	²⁶Al
	undetectable with balloon-borne detectors
	Gamow-Teller interactions
	steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission
	observed with delta-rays in 1731
	M. Fierz

Match up the star pattern with the likely constellation:

- L

- M

- N

- O

- P

- Q

- R

- S

- T

Volans

.

Cassiopeia

.

Pegasus

.

Orion

.

Crux

.

Ursa Major

.

Phoenix

.

Draco

.

Eridanus

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the X-ray angular resolution possibilities below:

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer - A

XMM-Newton - B

Chandra X-ray Observatory - C

Swift - D

Astro-rivelatore Gamma ad Imagini Leggero (AGILE) - E

Solar Heliospheric Observatory - F

Suzaku - G

Koronas-Foton - H

2"

3"

.

~2'

.

1"

.

5.9'

.

7'

.

1"

.

0.5"

.

	a hyperbolic pass
	stellar association
	may point away from a stellar association
	eccentricity
	obliquity
	precession

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Balloons - A

Sounding rockets - B

Aircraft assisted launches - C

Orbital rocketry - D

Shuttle payload - E

Heliocentric rocketry - F

Exploratory rocketry - G

Lunar rover - H

Ranger 5

microcalorimeter arrays

.

MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy

.

Lunokhod 2

.

ALEXIS

.

Ulysses

.

Broad Band X-Ray Telescope

.

Solar Heliospheric Observatory

.

	a launch location
	Kitt Peak National Observatory
	a heliostat
	a distinctive diagonal shaft that continues underground
	a theoretical resolution of 0.07"
	NOAA designations

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

superluminals - A

radios - B

radars - C

microwaves - D

submillimeters - E

infrareds - F

reds - G

oranges - H

deuterium enrichment of cometary water

interstellar-comet connection

.

a macroscopic superstring

.

force of life

.

rings of Saturn

.

volcanic activity throughout Vesta

.

a silicon composite bolometer fed by a Winston cone

.

present-day fluctuations an order of magnitude larger

.

	geographic coordinates
	the Royal Observatory in Greenwich
	French Institut Géographique National (IGN) maps
	a longitude meridian passing through Paris
	a local center of civilization
	altitude

	Sagittarius
	Ophiuchus
	Aries
	Ursa Minor
	Scorpius or Scorpio
	Draco
	Taurus

	the Sun
	a meteor
	the Moon
	Saturn
	the Zodiacal Light
	the International Space Station
	the former protoplanetary disc

	a temporal distribution with at least one datum
	a spectral distribution
	a spatial distribution
	a position or location
	a geognosy
	scientific or observational investigations

	a core which emits neutrinos
	low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory
	²⁶Al
	undetectable with balloon-borne detectors
	hard X-rays
	steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission
	observed with X-rays in 1731
	Taurus X-1

	under ice
	the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
	Digital Optical Modules
	the counting house is on the surface above the array
	the baryon neutrino
	the electron neutrino

Match up the observatory facility with the observatory:

Ondrejov Observatory - A

Okayama Astrophysical Observatory - B

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory - C

Metsähovi Radio Observatory - D

Tortugas Mountain Planetary Observatory - E

Pierre Auger Observatory - F

Observed quasar 3C 454.3 in the spring of 2005.

.

A solar telescope.

.

Detector components.

.

Data on AG Peg were obtained with the ultraviolet broad-band photometers on the second one.

.

The 0.6 m monitors cloud decks and equatorial activity.

A 188 cm telescope.

.

	a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind
	a bubble in space
	virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself
	Voyager 2
	Voyager 1
	the termination shock

	students in the United States with free access
	the Faulkes Telescope Project
	a high-powered robotic telescope in Jamaica
	a high-powered robotic telescope in Tasmania
	on-site use of two high-powered telescopes
	scientific investigations

Match up the distance-time phenomena with the image:

line of sight - A

an origin - B

a displacement - C

one billion light years - D

measuring - E

acceleration - F

Celestial swiss cheese.

.

A beautiful galaxy.

.

An elliptical orbit.

.

Closer than a route.

.

It's about the chains.

Getting the numbers.

.

	a launch location
	a rate of change of the impetus with time
	photon density
	an acceleration of the impetus
	neutrinos dynamically dominating baryons
	a rate of change of mass

	a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by a supernova
	a bubble
	decreasing time
	displacement
	orbiting
	rotation

Match up the type of cosmic-ray detector with each of the possibilities below:

visible tracks - A

diffusion cloud chamber - B

bubbles - C

a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D

similar to the Haverah Park experiment - E

fluorescence detectors - F

spark chamber

.

continuously sensitized to radiation

.

Pierre Auger Observatory

.

bubble chamber

.

Cherenkov detector

expansion cloud chamber

.

	pyranometer
	actinometer
	Radiation Observatory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
	neutron irradiation
	the World Radiation Reference Scale (WRR)
	meteor orbits
	pyrheliometer

	lava-spewing volcanoes
	sulfur volcanoes
	plate tectonics
	water oceans
	liquid methane oceans
	silicate minerals

	has a gaseous surface
	about 30% of its mass is iron
	about 4.5 times the mass of Earth
	has a rocky surface
	discovered by the Kepler spacecraft
	about 1.5 times as large as the Earth

	Jupiter
	a large, trenchlike feature
	a relatively light surface
	few or no canyons and scarps
	very few impact craters
	helium ice

	a dwarf planet
	a member of the Oort belt
	the northern polar region has brightened
	the southern polar region has darkened
	its overall redness has decreased
	extreme axial tilt

	a dense, opaque atmosphere
	lightning
	extensive meteorite cratering
	a flattening out
	liquid hydrocarbon lakes
	the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur

	a distant region of the solar system
	the dwarf planet Eris
	orbital eccentricites ranging up to 0.8
	inclinations as high as 50°
	perihelia greater than 30 AU
	Dysnomia

	catching a beam
	one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled
	it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on
	impervious to some traveling rays
	a secondary-object hazard

	an orbit around a star
	a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape
	nucleosynthesis
	has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit
	an initially fractionated elemental composition

	early Jupiter
	the solar wind
	the diffuse X-ray background
	early Saturn
	Mount Redoubt in Alaska
	the asteroid belt
	the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun
	the Sun
	the Kuiper belt

	the longer the period for reversal the longer the surface irradiation
	the ionosphere seems to reach the surface
	life-forms may suffer from radiation sickness
	asteroids may strike the Earth that otherwise would not
	the rotation of the Earth slows to a halt
	poles of ice completely melt

	Johannes Kepler
	the coronal cloud very near the Sun
	the Moon
	the question mark (?)
	the Barrington Meteor Crater
	Johannes Hevelius

	it's subject to lunar eclipses
	it passes once a year through the Big Dipper
	its interior structure has been studied with radar
	optical reflectance studies have found evidence of magnesium
	it has a surface temperature of ~700 K
	it is a wanderer

Match up the celestial octant with the constellation:

NQ1 - A

NQ2 - B

NQ3 - C

NQ4 - D

SQ1 - E

SQ2 - F

SQ3 - G

SQ4 - H

Musca

.

Sagitta

.

Lynx

.

Pyxis

.

Piscis Austrinus

.

Corona Borealis

.

Pictor

Taurus

.

	the angular momentum of the planet Mercury around the Sun
	a unit of energy
	a quantity that denotes the ability to do work
	1.2 PeV
	a unit dimensioned in mass, distance, and time
	a unit not based on the Coulomb

When imaged in visible light Venus appears like a gas

rather than a

planet.

	Jupiter
	the solar wind
	the diffuse X-ray background
	Mount Redoubt in Alaska
	the asteroid belt
	the International Space Station

	early Jupiter
	the solar wind
	the diffuse X-ray background
	early Saturn
	Mount Redoubt in Alaska
	the asteroid belt
	the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun
	the Oort cloud
	the Kuiper belt

	2
	the Sun
	radius
	sky
	heavens
	orbit

	the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun
	the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus
	any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky
	the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy
	the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars
	lightning always precedes rain

	TRUE
	FALSE

The majority of known asteroids orbit the Sun between the orbits of

and

.

	the interstellar medium
	the solar wind
	a bubble in space
	virtually all the material emanating from the Sun itself
	Voyager 2
	Voyager 1
	a termination shock

	earthshine
	glow of the bright part of the lunar disk
	light from different parts of Earth are mixed together
	mimics the Earth as a single dot
	neutron astronomy
	X-ray astronomy

	Saturn
	Mercury
	the Moon
	the asteroid belt
	Jupiter
	Mars

	Jupiter
	the solar wind
	the diffuse X-ray background
	Mount Redoubt in Alaska
	the asteroid belt
	an active galactic nucleus

Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below:

interior models of the giant planets - A

high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B

hierarchical accumulation - C

clouds and globular clusters - D

cosmic helium abundance - E

deuterium fusion - F

a large deficiency of light elements - G

after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H

the motions of hydrogen

formation of luminous quasars

.

stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass

.

rotating liquid drops

.

primordial is less than 26 per cent

.

a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas

.

around 13 Jupiter masses

.

smaller rocky objects

.

Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below:

astronomical object - A

astronomical source - B

astronomical entity - C

star - D

interstellar medium - E

material - F

natural luminous body visible in the sky

.

naturally from which something comes

.

matter which may be shaped or manipulated

.

an independent, separate, or self-contained existence

.

the matter that exists in the space between the star systems

naturally in the sky especially at night

.

	an idea
	a number
	many distances
	the sky
	heavens
	an orbit

	Mensa
	Camelopardalis
	Hydrus
	Ursa Minor
	Cassiopeia
	Draco
	Volans

Match up the radiation object with the likely source:

- L

- M

- N

- O

- P

- Q

- R

- S

- T

a Craters of the Moon volcano

.

violet image of Venus

.

active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728

.

cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface

.

blue lights from Io

.

neutrino profile of the solar octant

.

planetary nebula NGC 7048

.

ultraviolet image of the Earth

.

a neutron star in a binary system

.

Match up the type of source with each of the possibilities below:

a source - A

a source or apparent source detected or created at or near the time of the event or events - B

a source or apparent source that transforms or transduces anything originating from a primary source - C

a source or apparent source that selects (such as through selective absorption), distills, scatters, or reflects anything from a primary or secondary source - D

the point of origin of a ray, beam, or stream of small cross section traveling in a line - E

a natural source in the sky especially at night - F

a tertiary source

.

a primary source

.

an astronomical source

.

a secondary source

.

a radiation source

an entity from which something comes or is acquired

.

	galactic cosmic radiation
	charged particles in large clouds
	solar particle radiation
	interaction with the geo-electric field
	protons and electrons
	geomagnetically trapped particle radiation

	Jupiter
	the solar wind
	the diffuse X-ray background
	Saturn
	Mount Redoubt in Alaska
	the asteroid belt
	the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun

	possible orbits
	a hyperbolic orbit
	nuclear fusion at a star's exposed core
	nuclear fusion in a star's chromosphere
	near the barycenter of its planetary system
	accretion
	electric arcs
	non-water ice
	cometary origin

Diamond nanocrystals (size 100 nm) emit bright

at 600–800 nm when exposed to green and yellow photons. The photoluminescence, arising from excitation of the

defect centers created by proton-beam

and thermal annealing, closely resembles the extended red emission (ERE) bands observed in reflection nebulae and

nebulae. The central wavelength of the emission is 700 nm.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of phenomenon with each of the possibilities below:

visible tracks such as a star trail - A

a cloud - B

bubbles - C

a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D

octagon - E

circumpolar trail - F

quadrangles

.

hectare

.

rotational pole

.

diameters

.

polyhedron

an arc

.

	polyhedra
	globes
	hectares
	pyramid
	pathway
	furloughs

Hypotheses

Essays such as for laboratories could be handled much like cases in Upper Limb Orthotics

External links

{{Radiation astronomy resources}}

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