< Evidence-based assessment

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What is a "portfolio"?

  • For background information on what assessment portfolios are, click the link in the heading above.

Preparation phase

The preparation phase is when we do groundwork to make it easier to do good assessment. Deciding what measures to buy or download for the clinic, what reading or training we need before we are ready to do the assessment as part of a "real" session, and looking for supporting information are all things best done before scheduling an appointment.

We use "base rates," or benchmarks from other clinics and settings, to decide what we should be sure to get prepared to assess.

Having quick links to the diagnostic criteria or descriptions of clinical presentations would also be excellent things to include in this section.

Diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder

ICD-11 Diagnostic Criteria

  • (insert ICD-11 diagnostic criteria)

Changes in DSM-5

  • The diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder changed slightly from DSM-IV to DSM-5. Summaries are available here and here.

Base rates of adolescent depression in different clinical settings

[] Revise this template table based on discussions with Dr. Thomas Frazier about Autism page at end of may.

This section describes the demographic setting of the population(s) sampled, base rates of diagnosis, country/region sampled, and the diagnostic method that was used. Using this information, clinicians will be able to anchor the rate of adolescent depression that they are likely to see in their clinical practice.

  • To see prevalence rates across multiple disorders, click here.

****make sure to find the specific base rates for your specific disorder from the table in the link above and paste them into the table below

Demography SettingBase RateDiagnostic Method Best Recommended For
All of U.S.A. Acute psychiatric hospitalizations in 2009-2010 children (under the age of 15) (Blader & Carlson, 2010)13%Centers for Disease Control survey of discharge diagnoses

p:Parent interviewed as component of diagnostic assessment; y:youth interviewed as part of diagnostic assessment.

Prediction phase

The prediction phase is when we gather information to get a sense of what clinical hypotheses we definitely want to consider during the assessment. It often is possible to gather these assessments before the assessment appointment. These could be forms mailed ahead of time, email or text messages with links to brief surveys, or assessments completed on a clipboard or tablet in the waiting room. The power of these is that additional information can be gathered and organized for the clinician and client to review during the assessment appointment. Patients dislike filling out paperwork that never gets used, and clinicians do not like adding measures that do not guide care. A relentless focus on asking about the right topics, and having the information available during the appointment, make everyone happier.

It is possible to use assessment results to update the probability of a clinical issue in real time. This is easiest using a type of effect size called a diagnostic likelihood ratio. When these are available, definitely include them in the tables in this section. Other pages have links to probability nomograms and calculators where people can use these with clients.

Psychometric properties of screening instruments for (insert portfolio name)

The following section contains a list of screening and diagnostic instruments for (insert portfolio name). The section includes administration information, psychometric data, and PDFs or links to the screenings.

  • Screenings are used as part of the prediction phase of assessment; for more information on interpretation of this data, or how screenings fit in to the assessment process, click here.
  • For a list of more broadly reaching screening instruments, click here.

****Below are two examples of what you should put in this table.

Screening measures for (insert portfolio name)
Measure Format (Reporter) Age Range Administration/

Completion Time

 Interrater Reliability Test-Retest Reliability Construct Validity Content Validity Highly Recommended Free and Accessible Measures
Children's Depression Inventory

*not free

 Structured self-report[1] 7-17 15-20 minutes[1] NA A G G X Link to purchase CDI
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) Self-report 6-17 5-10 minutes[2] NA A G A X Homepage

PDF

Note: L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable

Likelihood ratios and AUCs of screening measures for (insert portfolio name)

[] Add link to page about how to calculate likelihood ratios from other information

[] Add link about AUC and ROCs

  • For a list of the likelihood ratios for more broadly reaching screening instruments, click here.

****Here is the the table for psychometric properties. An example is listed below of a good example. Either include link to the PDF (uploaded from OSF) if applicable, or denote that the screener is not free.

Screening Measure (Primary Reference)AUC (sample size)DLR+ (score)DLR- (score)Clinical Generalizability Download
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Anxious/Depressed Scale T-score[3].70 (N=470)3.78 (60+).39 (<60)High. Large diverse sample with mixed depression sample compared to samples without depression. Not free

Interpreting (insert portfolio name) screening measure scores

Prescription phase

Gold standard diagnostic interviews

  • For a list of broad reaching diagnostic interviews sortable by disorder with PDFs (if applicable), click here.

****This table should contain diagnostic interviews that are specific just to the disorder your portfolio focuses on. General or broad reaching diagnostic interviews, like the KSADS, are listed in the link in the section above.

Diagnostic instruments for (insert portfolio name)
Measure Format (Reporter) Age Range Administration/

Completion Time

 Interrater Reliability Test-Retest Reliability Construct Validity Content Validity Highly Recommended Free and Accessible Measures
Children's Depression Rating Scale - Revised (CDRS-R) Structured Interview[4] 6-12 15-20 minutes G A G G X

Note: L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable

Severity interviews for (insert portfolio name here)

Measure Format (Reporter) Age Range Administration/

Completion Time

 Interrater Reliability Test-Retest Reliability Construct Validity Content Validity Highly Recommended Free and Accessible Measures
Children's Depression Rating Scale - Revised (CDRS-R) Structured Interview[4] 6-12 15-20 minutes G A G G X

Note: L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable

Process phase

The following section contains a brief overview of treatment options for (insert portfolio name) and list of process and outcome measures for (insert portfolio name). The section includes benchmarks based on published norms for several outcome and severity measures, as well as information about commonly used process measures. Process and outcome measures are used as part of the process phase of assessment. For more information of differences between process and outcome measures, see the page on the process phase of assessment.

Process measures

****If applicable, insert information on process measures commonly used with your portfolio's disorder.

Outcome and severity measures

This table includes clinically significant benchmarks for (insert portfolio name here) specific outcome measures

  • Information on how to interpret this table can be found here.
  • Additionally, these vignettes might be helpful resources for understanding appropriate adaptation of outcome measures in practice.
  • For clinically significant change benchmarks for the CBCL, YSR, and TRF total, externalizing, internalizing, and attention benchmarks, see here.
Clinically significant change benchmarks with common instruments for (insert portfolio name)
Benchmarks Based on Published Norms
Measure Subscale Cut-off scores Critical Change
(unstandardized scores)
A B C 95% 90% SEdifference
Beck Depression Inventory-II 4 22 15 9 8 4.8
CBCL T-scores
(2001 Norms)		 Total 49 70 58 5 4 2.4

****replace the numbers

Treatment

****Insert brief description of commonly used therapy for your disorder. Insert bullet point below with links replaced to resources that describe therapy more in depth.

  • Please refer to the page on (insert the link for the wikipedia page on portfolio's disorder) for more information on available treatment for (insert portfolio name) or go to Effective Child Therapy (replace link) for a curated resource on effective treatments for (insert portfolio name).

External resources

  1. ICD-10 diagnostic criteria
  2. Find-a-Therapist (a curated list of find-a-therapist websites where you can find a provider)
  3. NIMH (information about (insert portfolio name))
  4. John's Hopkins Resource (guide-guide about (insert portfolio name), treatment, and more)
  5. OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)
    1. 608516
    2. 608520
    3. 608691
  6. eMedicine entry for adult depression
  7. Effective Child Therapy page for (insert name)
    1. Effective Child Therapy is website sponsored by Division 53 of the American Psychological Association (APA), or The Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP), in collaboration with the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT). Use for information on symptoms and available treatments.

****replace these links and add any extra links to external resources as relevant

How to tell the quality

Look at the top of the "Discuss" tab. We are using the Wikipedia Quality scale

and also indicating the importance of the articles here. Many of the articles have detailed tables or chunks of content, and we intend to go back and add transitions and context.

References

Click here for references
  1. 1 2 "Children's Depression Inventory 2™". www.pearsonclinical.com. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  2. ↑ "CEBC » Assessment Tool › Mood And Feelings Questionnaire Mfq". www.cebc4cw.org. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  3. ↑ Achenbach, Thomas M. (1991). Child behavior checklist for ages 4-18 ([11th print.] ed.). Burlington, VT: T.M. Achenbach. ISBN 0938565087.
  4. 1 2 Mayes, Taryn L.; Bernstein, Ira H.; Haley, Charlotte L.; Kennard, Betsy D.; Emslie, Graham J. (2010-12). "Psychometric Properties of the Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised in Adolescents". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 20 (6): 513–516. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0063. ISSN 1044-5463. PMID 21186970. PMC PMC3003451. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003451/.
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