1

If the lung was punctured, the animal is invalid.

2

There are five lobes [onah, pl. onim] (explanation: like ears [ozen]) in the lungs, three to the right and two to the left when the animal is suspended by its feet and its innards are facing the butcher such that the right side of the animal and the right side of the butcher are the same. And there is one additional small lobe on the right side which is called the Iynunita d'Warda (little roselike lobe, Chul. 47a bot.) and it doesn't stand in line [of the other] lobes, rather, it's distanced from them towards the front side. And if one is missing (chassera) from the right or the left, or if there are two on the right and three on the left, the animal is invalid.

Rema: The shapes of the right lobes are unlike [the shapes] of the left [lobes], and if the shapes are switched, the animal is invalid. And so too, if the middle lobe on the right is larger than the one below it, the animal is invalid. And if the upper lobe on the left is larger than the upper lobe on the right, the animal is invalid. And so too, if the Oma (large lump from which the lobes branch off) on the right is larger than [the Oma] on the left, all of this is called chalif (switched), and the animal is invalid.

But the warda, if it's missing, or if there are two of them or if it's found on the left side, it is valid.

Rema: And in our countries the custom is to rule invalid whether two wardas were found or if it was missing or if it's in a different place, and this should be the custom because there are gedolim who hold like this, so one shouldn't change the custom. And so too, if its normal appearance or shape changes, the animal is invalid. If one found in it two wardas with a single base the thickness of a finger even though they have a crack [between], it is valid. And if one is inverted and the second one is not inverted, we go after the one that's greater, and if it's not inverted it is valid. The [normal] way of the warda is to be in a pocket, and if it's not found in a pocket or if it has two pockets or if there is a pocket but [the warda] is not located in it, and even if we would place the [warda] into [the pocket] it would return and go out from it when the lung inflates, the animal is invalid. And all of these laws are only [applicable] in places where the custom is to rule invalid an animal that has two wardas or doesn't have a warda at all. But in places that [rule those cases are] valid, also all of these distinctions are valid. If part of the warda is missing there is [reason] to check [for it] in the Oma or the Ona on the left side. If the missing piece is found some say it is valid because it is also found this way sometimes in goats and lambs. And so too there are those that rule it valid if there is the appearance of a rose at its base, the thickness of a finger, even though there is no appearance of a rose at the head, as long as it is not inverted and has not changed its place. And in all of these things there is what to be lenient after many who rule it's valid in this entire matter.

3

If the number of lobes increased, if the extra lobe was on the side of the [other] lobes or in front of the lungs, which is on the side of the heart, it is permitted. And if it was on its back, which is on the side of the ribs, this is an invalid animal; and this is when it's [the size] of a myrtle leaf after it's inflated, but if it's less than that, it is valid.

Rema: And there are those who rule stringently and forbid all extra [lobes] that aren't in the row of lobes. And so too is the custom in some places to forbid an extra [lobe] even on the front side, and we don't differentiate whether it's on the front side or the back side. However, if [the extra lobe] stands in the row of lobes, and when it's inflated it leans toward the front side, it is valid. And if it leans toward the back side it is an invalid animal. And in our countries the custom is to rule valid an extra [lobe] on the front side, and one shouldn't change the custom.

4

If one finds an extra lobe at the end of the bottom edge of the Oma, it is valid because this is called in the row of the lobes.

5

The right lobe that is close to the windpipe, in the narrow [part] of the chest, truly next to the neck, on the bottom which is the top that's next to the neck, if there's found on it something [the size of] a myrtle leaf, it is valid because it's normal for it to split. And this is specifically with the [lobe] on the right, but not [for the one] on the left. And there are those that say that this is specifically when it is in the upper half, but if it's in the lower half it's invalid.

Rema: Although we consider kosher an extra lobe in the row of lobes, in any case regarding that there not be more lobes on the left than on the right for instance 4 left and 3 right (MHRY"V), nevertheless if they are equal on each side, 3 or 4 lobes and they all stand in the line of lobes it's kosher (ibid. in Rema). And if in one lobe there appears a kind of crack it's counted towards kosher and not toward treif, for we are not concerned by cracks for declaring treif (thus he found written). A lobe that is split but has one root the thickness of a finger is reckoned as just one (MHR"Y Molin), and it's not called a lobe unless it has the form of a lobe. But if on the lobe's surface is found a raised place, wide below and broad above without a pointed head it's called a Gabshushit (a mound) and it's kosher (MHRY"W and B"Y in the name of M"K). Likewise if there's a lobe on the lung with a depression under it, and when inflating the lung the whole lobe falls into the depression, level with the rest of the lung (MH' Rabbeinu Yaakob Weil and B"Y), even if it doesn't enter the depression unless he lays his hand on it lightly it's kosher, for it's not a extra lobe but rather a split in the lung, and since it has a depression underneath for it to rest in, it's not destined to break off like other extra lobes and it's kosher (D"A). And we should not declare kosher such a split unless it's on it [the depression] so the split lies in the depression; but [if] in front [i.e. outside the depression] - the split hangs down and will finally detach so it's treif (so he found written). Some say if there's an extra [lobe] against the furrow of a warda its rule is as a split in a pit (MHR"Y Molin in the name of R' Meir Shachtan), and we should not rely on this except in great pressure and loss.

6

If one of the lobes is less than a myrtle leaf when inflated it's chassera (missing) and treif.

7

If one of the right lobes is missing, a warda can substitute (but some say it can't) (Rashi, Tosefot and Roh) (and this is the practice).

8

A lung with no lobe divisions is treif. And if there's a hole/crack (sedek) appearing to separate them, the size of a myrtle leaf, whether at their root, the middle, or end it's kosher.

ריאה שאין לה חתוכה דאונא טריפה ואם סדק כמראה הפרש ביניהם כשיעור עלה הדס בין בעיקרן בין באמצען בין בסופן כשרה:

Rema: And some declare it kosher by recognition or any hole even though it's less than a myrtle leaf (Rashi, Ittur, Tos., Samag, Rosh, Tur, R' Yerucham, Tashbatz, and Mordekhai כשם ה"ג ור"ח וש"ד וראבי"ה), and we should rely on them in case of great loss and declare kosher.

The lower lobe on the right, it's usually thicker and longer than the middle one, and also taller than that of the left. And if it's clung to the Oma entirely, except recognition of the these signs is visible in the place the lobe ought to be, it's called heiker (recognizable) and kosher (MHRY"W). The same rule applies if recognized there is a different sign, such that the lobe is somewhat recognizable. Even heiker via the sympon (broncial tube) that is normally on a lobe - if a sympon is found in the place where it's normal to find a lobe - then it's called heiker (M"K in the name of MHRY"Q). All these things we check and measure after inflating the lung, because when the beast is alive the lung is inflated. Some say that with kids and lambs one would not declare the animal treifa if one did not find recognizable lobes, even without any distinguishing feature or split at all, for this is common, since in young animals there may be missing lobes and when they grow up the lobes develop. (Bedikot yeshanim MHR"Sh)

9

If on one side of the lung there's missing a lobe, but at the end of the Oma on that same side there was a large bulb (blitah) like a lobe, even though lobes are normally adjacent to each other but here the Oma intervenes between them, it's kosher.

Rema: And some are accustomed to say it's treif only in this situation, because whatever is below the warda is called not in the row of lobes. That's the practice in our lands.

10

All these things apply only to a beast or animal. But birds don't have separations between lobes like a beast, and if he finds [separate lobes] there's no known number.