1

If the lower jaw was removed, it is valid, and this is if [the animal] is able to survive by means of having food stuffed all the way down its throat and having food stuffed partially down its throat.

Rema: And so too by a bird whose beak was removed, if it is able to survive by means of having food stuffed all the way down its throat or having food stuffed partially down its throat, it's kosher.

2

If the upper jaw is missing, according to the Rambam it invalidates the animal.

And it's proper to be concerned by what he says.

3

The gullet or the entrance to the gullet, that was punctured [until it reached] its [inner] cavity, if [the hole] is any size, it is [considered an] improperly slaughtered animal.

4

The gullet has two skins. If one of them is punctured, it is valid. If both of them are punctured, it is forbidden, and even if a membrane formed [on the hole] and closed it up, and even if the holes are not opposite each other, it is forbidden. And that is when the two [holes] punctured from the same side [of the gullet], since then it is possible that they happened together (meaning: that they might align together).

Rema: And all this is only dealing with a case where it's apparent that the hole came on account of an illness, but if there is concern that the hole is on account of a thorn, even if only the inner [skin] was punctured, it is an invalid animal since we're worried that maybe also the outer [skin] was punctured, and the gullet can not be checked from the outside.

5

These skins, the outer one is red and the inner one is white, and if they switched so that the outer one is white and the inner one is red, the animal is invalid. And so too, if both [skins] are red or white, the animal is invalid.

Rema: And all the more so, if there are two gullets or two windpipes that the animal is invalid.

6

The gullet can not be checked from the outside in [a case where the animal] was mauled, which requires checking, because since [the outer skin] is red, the red of the venom [from the mauling] can not be recognized. What can he do? If it is a bird, he can check the windpipe from the outside and then slaughter it, and afterward he can invert the gullet and check it from the inside. And if it is an animal there is no solution.

Rema: And for us, since we are not experts at checking, even by a bird there is no solution.

7

And also regarding [checking for] a hole in the gullet, one can not check from the outside but rather [needs to check] from the inside.

8

If a bird comes before us and its neck is dirtied with blood, we are not concerned for a possible case of being mauled [to require] to check the entire cavity [of the gullet], rather we are concerned for a possible hole [to require] to check the dirty spot.

Rema: And there are those that forbid all birds and animals whose necks are dirtied with blood because we are concerned for a hole in the gullet and we are not experts [at checking]; and so is the custom.

9

If one finds a thorn in the gullet, [whether it was lying] lengthwise or widthwise, and [the thorn] was not lodged in [the gullet], it is valid if there is no bloodspot on the outside of [the gullet]. But, if it is lodged in [the gullet], it is forbidden, even if there is no bloodspot [on the outside], since we are concerned that maybe the gullet was punctured and it healed and became healthy and [now the hole] can not be seen.

Rema: And there are those that validate the animal if there is no bloodspot on the outside because we are not concerned that it might have [had a hole which] healed. And so too the custom is to be lenient in our cities by the geese which we overfeed to make fat, that there is a a way to fix [the fobidden animal] in the city by checking after the gullet was punctured because we are more concerned for [the case of] the lungs sticking [to each other]. And our custom is to be lenient where the thorn is lodged in the gullet if there is no hole on both sides or if there is no bloodspot on the outside. And there are those who are very precise with this because it is forbidden from the Torah; and it is much better to not check at all and rely on the majority [case] instead of checking and [needing to rely] on a leniency in a case where there is an imperfection.

10

If the gullet and windpipe separated and hang loosely from each other in the majority of the measurement of their lengths, the animal is invalid.

11

If the roof of the crop was punctured with a hole that goes all the way through of any size, it is an invalid animal. And what is considered the roof? That which is drawn with the gullet when the bird stretches its neck. But if the rest of the crop is punctured, it is permitted. Rema: If the crop was removed, the animal is invalid, even if there remained enough that the food is able to pass from the gullet to the gizzard. If the flesh between the crop and the gizzard was punctured, the animal is invalid.