The Orthodox Eastern Church

THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY WISDOM AT CONSTANTINOPLE.
[Frontispiece

THE

ORTHODOX EASTERN CHURCH

BY

ADRIAN FORTESCUE, Ph.D., D.D.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR

LONDON
CATHOLIC TRUTH SOCIETY
69 SOUTHWARK BRIDGE ROAD, S.E.
1907

⁠πάτραν δ’ ἔναιον ἡ μὲν ἑλλάδα
κλήρῳ λαχοῦσα γαῖαν, ἡ δὲ βάρβαρον.
τοὐτω στάσιν τιν’, ὡς ἐγὼ δόκουν ὁρᾶν,
τεύχειν ἐν ἀλλήλαισιν.

Persæ, 186–189

CONTENTS

PAGE

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PREFACE

List of Books

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xv

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INTRODUCTION

PART I

THE ORTHODOX EASTERN CHURCH BEFORE THE SCHISM

CHAPTER I

The Great Patriarchates

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

1. Rome.⁠ 2. Alexandria.⁠ 3. Antioch.⁠ 4. Jerusalem.⁠ 5. Constantinople.⁠ 6. Cyprus.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER II

Rome and the Eastern Churches

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

1. The Eastern Fathers and the Papacy.⁠ 2. Appeals to Rome from the East.⁠ 3. The Popes and the General Councils.⁠ 4. Ill-feeling towards Rome in the East.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER III

The Faith and Rites of the Byzantine Church before the Schism

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

98

1. The Faith of the Byzantine Church.⁠ 2. Eastern Liturgies.⁠ 3. The Syrian Rite.⁠ 4. The Egyptian Rite.⁠ 5. The Byzantine Rite.⁠ 6. Byzantine Piety and Morals.⁠ 7. Byzantine Art.⁠ Summary.

PART II

THE SCHISM

CHAPTER IV

The Schism of Photius

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135

1. The Patriarch Ignatius.⁠ 2. Photius.⁠ 3. Open Schism.⁠ 4. The Question of Bulgaria.⁠ 5. The Filioque.⁠ 6. The Eighth General Council.⁠ 7. Photius lawful Patriarch.⁠ 8. The End of Photius.⁠ 9. Reunion after Photius.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER V

The Schism of Cerularius

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172

1. The Pope, the Emperor, and the Patriarch.⁠ 2. The Schism.⁠ 3. After the Schism.⁠ 4. The End of Cerularius.⁠ Summary.

PART III

THE ORTHODOX CHURCH SINCE THE SCHISM

CHAPTER VI

The Reunion Councils

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201

1. The Council of Bari, 1098.⁠ 2. The Second Council of Lyons, 1274.⁠ 3. The Council of Ferrara-Florence, 1438–1439.⁠ 4. Cardinal Bessarion.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER VII

The Crusades and the Byzantine Church

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

221

1. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.⁠ 2. The Crusaders and the Empire.⁠ 3. The Fourth Crusade, 1204.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER VIII

Under the Turk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

229

1. The Fall of Constantinople, May 29, 1453.⁠ 2. The Rayahs.⁠ 3. The Porte and the Christian Churches.⁠ 4. The Porte and the Œcumenical Patriarch.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER IX

Orthodox Theology

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245

1. Theologians since 1453.⁠ 2. The Orthodox and the Lutherans.⁠ 3. The Orthodox and the Anglicans.⁠ 4. Cyril Lukaris and the Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.⁠ Summary.

PART IV

THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AT THE PRESENT DAY.

CHAPTER X

The Constitution of the Orthodox Church

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273

1. The Political Situation and the Great Church.⁠ 2. The Patriarchate of Alexandria.⁠ 3. The Patriarchate of Antioch.⁠ 4. The Patriarchate of Jerusalem.⁠ 5. The Church of Cyprus.⁠ 6. The Church of Russia (1589).⁠ 6a. The Church of Georgia.⁠ 7. The Church of Carlovitz (1765).⁠ 8. The Church of Czernagora (1765).⁠ 9. The Church of Sinai (1782).⁠ 10. The Greek Church (1850).⁠ 11. The Church of Hermannstadt (1864).⁠ 12. The Bulgarian Exarchate (1870).⁠ 13. The Church of Czernovitz (1873).⁠ 14. The Church of Servia (1879).⁠ 15. The Roumanian Church (1885).⁠ 16. The Church of Hercegovina and Bosnia (1880).⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER XI

The Orthodox Hierarchy

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338

1. The Œcumenical Patriarch and his Court.⁠ 2. The other Patriarchs, Bishops, Priests, and Clerks.⁠ 3. The Monks.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER XII

The Orthodox Faith

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361

1. Orthodox Symbolic Books.⁠ 2. The Church and the Primacy.⁠ 3. The Filioque.⁠ 4. Transubstantiation.⁠ 5. The Epiklesis.⁠ 6. Purgatory.⁠ 7. The Immaculate Conception.⁠ 8. Modern Orthodox Theology.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER XIII

Orthodox Rites

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395

1. The Calendar.⁠ 2. The Orthodox Service Books.⁠ 3. The Churches, Vestments, and Sacred Vessels.⁠ 4. Church Music.⁠ 5. The Holy Liturgy.⁠ 6. Other Rites; the Sacraments.⁠ Summary.

CHAPTER XIV

The Question of Reunion

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429

Index

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441

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