 | The source document of this text is not known. Please see this document's talk page for details for verification. "Source" means a location at which other users can find a copy of this work. Ideally this will be a scanned copy of the original that can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons and proofread. If not, it is preferably a URL; if one is not available, please explain on the talk page. |
THE CALIPHATE ITS RISE, DECLINE, AND FALL FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES BY WILLIAM MUIR, K.C.S.I. LL.D., D.C.L., PH.D (BOLOGNA)
A NEW AND REVISED EDITION BY T. H. WEIR, M.A., D.D. (ABERDEEN) Lecturer in Arabic in the University of Glasgow. Author of "Arabic Prose Composition" "Variants in the Gospel Reports"
EDINBURGH: JOHN GRANT 31 GEORGE IV BRIDGE
1924
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE
CHAPTER I 11 A.H.—Death of Mohammad—Election of Abu Bekr—'Omar, 'Ali, Abu 'Obeida
CHAPTER II Expedition of Usama to Syrian border
CHAPTER III Attack of Bedawin on Medina; repelled by Abu Bekr
CHAPTER IV Return of Usama—Bedawin chastised—Expeditions organized against apostate tribes
CHAPTER V Khalid's Arabian campaign—Toleiha—Battle of Al-Buzakha—'Oyeina—Malik ibn Nuweira—Al-Yemama—Museilima—Garden of Death
CHAPTER VI Apostasy crushed—Al-Bahrein, 'Oman, The Hijaz, Ibn Ma'dikerib, Al-Ash'ath—Freebooter burned to death
CHAPTER VII Review—Reclaimed tribes at first sullen—Enthusiasm kindled by Syrian and Chaldaean campaigns—Arabs become aristocracy of the world—Arab slaves set free
CHAPTER VIII 12 A.H.—Al-Muthanna’s campaign in Al-'Irak—Joined by Khalid—Battle of Chains—River of Blood—Al-Hira capitulates—'Ain at-Tamr—Duma stormed—Al-Firad—Khalid’s incognito pilgrimage
CHAPTER IX 12-13 A.H.—Syrian campaign—Battle of Ajnadain— Capitulation of Fihl
CHAPTER X Al-'Irak—Battle of Babylon—Al-Muthanna’s appeal for reinforcements
CHAPTER XI 13 A.H.—Abu Bekr's death—'Omar nominated by him Caliph
CHAPTER XII 13-14 A.H.—'Omar's accession—Reinforcements for Al-'Irak—Rustem—Battle of the Bridge—Abu 'Obeid's defeat—Battle of Al-Buweib—Death of Al-Muthanna
CHAPTER XIII 14 A.H.—Syria—Fall of Damascus
CHAPTER XIV Al-'Irak—Fresh levies—Sa'd—Yezdejird—Rustem’s advance—Battle of Al-Kadisiya—Discomfiture of Persian army
CHAPTER XV 15-16 A.H.—Al-Hira reoccupied—Fall of Al-Medain
CHAPTER XVI 16 A.H.—Battle of Jalula—'Omar forbids advance—Al-Kufa and Al-Basra—Land settlement of Al-'Irak
CHAPTER XVII 15 A.H.—Northern Syria, Hims, Antioch—Heraclius retires—Battle of the Yarmuk
CHAPTER XVIII Jerusalem submits to 'Omar—His visit—Ordinance of 'Omar
CHAPTER XIX 17 A.H.—Northern Syria and Mesopotamia—Attack by Greeks and Bedawin—Beni 'Iyad and Taghub—Fall of Caesarea—Khalid's trial and deposition
CHAPTER XX 14-15 A.H.—Jews and Christians expelled from Arabia—Register of Arab tribes—Civil and military administration—Kor'an "collected"
CHAPTER XXI 18 A.H.—Famine—Plague—'Omar visits Syria—Mu'awiya—Bilal
CHAPTER XXII 19-20 A.H.—Conquest of Egypt—Alexandria
CHAPTER XXIII 16-20 A.H.—Southern Persia—Sus—Tomb of Daniel—Al-Hormuzan
CHAPTER XXIV 21-22 A.H.—Conquest of Persia—Battle of Nihavend—Flight of Yezdejird
CHAPTER XXV 17-23 A.H.—Domestic events—Court of Ka'ba enlarged—Al-Moghira's trial—Al-Kufa—Al-Basra—Era of Hijra—Laxity of morals—'Omar's simple life
CHAPTER XXVI 23 A.H.—Death of 'Omar—Appointment of Electors
CHAPTER XXVII 23-24 A.H.—'Othman—Murder of Al-Hormuzan
CHAPTER XXVIII 24-35 A.H.—Arabs and Koreish—Hashimites and Umeiyads—Campaigns in East and West—Naval victory
CHAPTER XXIX 30-34 A.H.—Unpopularity of 'Othman—Discontent at Al-Kufa and Al-Basra—Recension of Kor'an—Abu Dharr—Other causes—Naila
CHAPTER XXX 33-34 A.H.—Growing disaffection—Outbreak at Al-Kufa—'Ali warns 'Othman
CHAPTER XXXI 34-35 A.H.—Outlook darkens—Conference of Governors—Mu'awiya's help declined
CHAPTER XXXII 35 A.H.—Conspirators attack Medina—Palace besieged—'Othman slain
CHAPTER XXXIII 35-36 A.H.—Election of 'Ali—Excitement at Damascus—War proclaimed against Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XXXIV 36 A.H.—'Aisha at Mecca—Joined by Talha and Az-Zubeir—They seize Al-Basra
CHAPTER XXXV 'Ali's advance on Al-Basra—Battle of the Camel—Talha and Az-Zubeir killed—'Aisha retires to Medina
CHAPTER XXXVI Al-Kufa seat of Government—Egypt—Mu'awiya at Damascus threatens regicides
CHAPTER XXXVII 36-37 A.H.—Hostilities between 'Ali and Mu'awiya—Battle of Siffin—Arbitration—Abu Musa and 'Amr, Umpires
CHAPTER XXXVIII 37 A.H.—Khawarij rebel against 'Ali—Yield to him
CHAPTER XXXIX Decision of Umpires—Mu'awiya Caliph at Damascus
CHAPTER XL 'Ali marches against Mu'awiya—Recalled by Khariji outbreak—Battle of Nahrawan—Khawarij
CHAPTER XLI 38 A.H.—'Amr takes Egypt for Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XLII 38-40 A.H.—Khariji risings—Ziyad—Treaty between 'Ali and Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XLIII 40 A.H.—Khariji conspiracy—'Ali assassinated—Mu'awiya escapes
CHAPTER XLIV 40-41 A.H.—Al-Hasan—Abdicated in favour of Mu'awiya—Death of Al-Hasan
CHAPTER XLV 40-60 A.H.—Mu'awiya sole Caliph—Death of 'Amr and Al-Moghira—Ziyad—Africa; Kairawan—Attack on Constantinople—Mohammad's pulpit
CHAPTER XLVI 56 A.H.—Yezid declared Heir-apparent—Forms a precedent—Yezid's Bedawi mother
CHAPTER XLVII 60-61 A.H.—Yezid—Ibn az-Zubeir at Mecca—Al-Hosein marches on Al-Kufa—Tragedy of Kerbala—Death of Al-Hosein—The Moharram
CHAPTER XLIII 61-64 A.H.—'Alid reaction—Ibn az-Zubeir affects Caliphate—Mecca besieged—Death of Yezid
CHAPTER XLIX 64-73 A.H.—Mu'awiya II.—Merwan—'Abd al-Melik—Tribal hostilities—Al-Mukhtar seizes Al-Kufa—Slays "Murderers" of Al-Hosein—Mus'ab beaten—Al-Kufa gained—Al-Hajjaj storms Mecca—Ibn az-Zubeir's death
CHAPTER L 73-86 A.H.—'Abd al-Melik (continued)—Al-Hajjaj—Azarika—Al-Muhallab—Ibn al-Ash'ath—Wasit—Mint—Ibn Khazim
CHAPTER LI 86-96 A.H.—Al-Welid—'Omar at Medina—Death of Al-Hajjaj—Koteiba—Khorasan—Al-Multan—India—Africa—Spain—Fall of Musa—Glory of Al-Welid
CHAPTER LII 96-99 A.H.—Suleiman—Khorasan—Koteiba's rebellion—Yezid, son of Al-Muhallab—Attack on Constantinople
CHAPTER LIII 99-101 A.H.—'Omar II.—Fall of Yezid—Efforts at conversion
CHAPTER LIV 101-105 A.H.—Yezid II.—Rebellion of Yezid, son of Al-Muhallab—Narbonne—Hashimite canvass—Collectors of tradition
CHAPTER LV 105-125 A.H.—Hisham—Hashimites; 'Alids and 'Abbasids—Al-Kufa—Yusuf—Zeid—Central Asia—India—Armenia—Africa—France—Charles Martel—Just reign
CHAPTER LVI 125-126 A.H.—Al-Welid II.—Yezid III.—Khorasan—Nasr—'Abbasid canvass—Merwan's advance—Compromise—Death of Yezid III.
CHAPTER LVII 126-130 A.H.—Ibrahim—Merwan II.—Ibn Mu'awiya—Suleiman Ad-Dahhak—Khawarij—Spain slips from Caliphate
CHAPTER LVIII 64-130 A.H.—The Arab tribal feuds in Khorasan
CHAPTER LIX 130-132 A.H.—Merwan II. (continued)—'Abbasids in Khorasan—Abu Muslim—Nasr's flight—Al-Kufa taken by 'Abbasids—Battle of Zab—Merwan's death
CHAPTER LX 132-656 A.H.—'Abbasid Dynasty—General features
CHAPTER LXI 132-136 A.H.—Abu'l-'Abbas—Hashimiya—Persecution of Umeiyads—Ibn Hubeira—Abu Muslim’s pilgrimage
CHAPTER LXII 136-158 A.H.—Abu Ja'far al-Mansur—Abu Muslim put to death—Rawendiya—Khorasan, Al-Mehdi—Ibrahim’s rebellion—Bagdad—Umeiyads in Spain—Barmekis—Pilgrimage—Literature
CHAPTER LXIII 158-169 A.H.—Al-Mehdi—Growing laxity—Manichaeans—War with Greece
CHAPTER LXIV 169-193 A.H.—Al-Hadi—Harun ar-Rashid—Nicephorus—Fall of Barmekis—Harun dies at Tus—Glory of his reign
CHAPTER LXV 193-198 A.H.—Al-Amin—Al-Ma'mun—Bagdad besieged—Tahir and Harthama—Death of Al-Amin
CHAPTER LXVI 198-218 A.H.—Al-Ma'mun (continued)—'Alid predilections—Bagdad revolts—'Ali ar-Rida—Ibrahim rival Caliph—Al-Ma'mun at Bagdad—Tahirids—Babek—Heterodoxy—Brilliant reign
CHAPTER LXVII 218-232 A.H.—Al-Mo'tasim—Turkish soldiery—Samarra—Bebek—Amorion—Al-Wathik Heterodoxy—Ahmed the Martyr
CHAPTER LXVIII 232-247 A.H.—Al-Mutawakkil—Return to Orthodoxy—Ordinance against Jews and Christians—Saffarids—Assassination
CHAPTER LXIX 247-256 A.H.—Al-Muntasir—Al-Musta'in—Rebellion—Siege of Bagdad—Al-Mo'tazz—Wasif and Bogha—Ahmed ibn Tulun—Al-Mohtadi—Riot at Bagdad
CHAPTER LXX 256-279 A.H.—Al-Mo'tamid and Al-Muwaffak—Zenj rebellion—Saffarids—Tulunid Dynasty
CHAPTER LXXI 279-295 A.H.—Al-Mo'tadid—Al-Muktafi—Egypt—War with Greeks
CHAPTER LXXII Ismailians and Carmathians—Fatimid Dynasty—Druses—Assassins
CHAPTER LXXIII 295-329 A.H.—Al-Muktadir—Al-Kahir—Ar-Radi
CHAPTER LXXIV 329-344 A.H.—Al-Muttaki—Hamdan Chiefs—Ikshidids—Al-Mustakfi—Buweihids
CHAPTER LXXV 334-447 A.H.—Buweihid Dynasty—Al-Muti', At-Tai', Al-Kadir, and Al-Kaim, Caliphs
CHAPTER LXXVI 447-575 A.H.—Bagdad under Seljuks—Toghril Beg—Al-Muktadi and four following Caliphs—Crusades—Capture of Jerusalem—End of Fatimids
CHAPTER LXXVII 575-640 A.H.—An-Nasir, his Son and Grandson—Khwarizm Shah—Jenghiz Khan
CHAPTER LXXVIII 640-656 A.H.—Al-Musta'sim, last of the Caliphs—Hulagu takes Bagdad—Caliph put to death—End of 'Abbasid Dynasty
CHAPTER LXXIX 659-926 A.H.—Spurious Caliphate under Memluk Kings of Egypt—Osmanli Conquest
REVIEW
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This work was published before January 1, 1927, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.