INDEX

68 1 Villeins, 237, 254, 337, 480, 486, 523- 24 Vilna, 552 Vinci, Leonardo da, 602, 606-06 Vinland, 223, 230, 395 Virgate, 235 Virgin, the, 624; and see Madonnas Visconti, House of, 580 Visconti, Bianca, 580 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 590 Visconti, Valentine, 636 Viscount, 269 Visigoths, see West Goths Vision of Piers the Ploughman, 516-17, 562-65 Vistula River, 17, 42, 139, 308, 544 Vita Nuova, 411, 415 Viterbo, 464 "Voices," of Joan of Arc, 528 Volga River, 17, 58, 549, 556 Vosges Mountains, 12, 17, 88, 166 Voyages of Discovery, 394, 609-14, 633 Vulgate, 113, 593 Wager of battle, 51, 205, 469, 497 Wages, 498, 516, 523 Waiblingen, 350 Waldensians, 443, 448, 450 Waldo, Peter, 443, 450 Wales, 12, 29, 164, 167, 222, 398, 406, 484, 487-88, 519; and see Welsh Walid, Caliph, 180. Wallace, Sir William, 488 Wallachia, 140, 453, 554, 556, 558 Walled towns, 24; gates, 33; Rome walled again, 54, 226-27; barbarian invaders, and, 83, 91, 135, 152, 179; medieval, 315, 327, 329-30, 337, 367-69, 451, 494, 505, 518, 578, 629 Walloons, 269 Walsingham, 368 Walter of Brienne, 466 Walter the Penniless, 315 Walther von der Vogelweide, 406 Wapentake, 221, 478 Wardship and marriage, 243, 257, 277, 480 Warfare, and history, 2, 5, 9; and geography, 12; and citizenship, 26; Roman, 28 ; among early Germans, 43, 46-47, 127; of mounted nomads, 57; early Christian opposition to, 104; Mohammedan, 176; chief pur- suit of Charlemagne, 199; feudal, 249-52, 256, 274; crusades, 315, 324; interurban in Italy, 348, 576; literature of, 400, 402; of Philip Augustus, 493; of the fourteenth century, 531; of the Hussites, 570; of the condotHeri, 576-77, 580; and see Army, Invasions, Knights, Mercenaries, Private War Wars of Religion, 339, 544 Wars of the Roses, 614, 628-29 Warwick, the King-Maker, 628 Welf, House of, 349-50 Welsh dialect, 398 Welsh people, 434, 630 Wends, 216, 228, 544 Wenzel, Holy Roman Emperor, 53E 553, 570 Wergeld, 47, 52, 123 Wessex, Kingdom of, 220 West Franks, 213, 219, 261, 266, 399 West Goths, 4, 55, 75-86, 87-90, in r chap, vii, 128, 138, 149-50, 157, 160, 169, 178-79, 187, 554 West Indies, 610 Westminster, 476 Westminster Abbey, 430 Westphalia, 534, 539 West Prussia, 546 West Saxons, 202, 220 Wettin dynasty, 540 Whitby, Synod of, 167 White Huns, see Ephthalites White Sea, 12, 17, 223 "White Shirt" (Greenland), 223 Widows, 46, 92, 173-74; feudal, 243, 270-71, 491; of gild members, 331; 515 Widukind, 375 Will, see Langland William I, or the Conqueror, King of England, 246, 270, 275-77, 292-93, 295, 312, 376, 459, 474, 477-79 William II, or Rufus, 293, 314, 380, 48c William V, Duke of Aquitaine, 273 William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine, 272 William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 405 William, Count of Holland, 470 William of Conches, 378-79, 384-85 William of Lorris, 405 William of Roches, 508 William of Rubruk, 393, 452 Willibrord, 167 Wills, 52, 294, 460 Winchester, 368; cathedral, 423 Windows, house-, 339, 369, 388; splayed,422 ; rose-, 428; lancet, 431 ; in Renaissance buildings, 600; and see Clear-story, Stained glass Winfrith, see Boniface, St. Wisby, 369, 543 Wissendi, 534 Witan, 222, 276 Witchcraft, 528-29, 534 Wittelsbach, House of, 539 Woden, 45 Wolsey, 530 Woman, position of, in Roman law,