652

INDEX Courland, 184 Court attendance, 242-43, 251, 257, 481, 491 Court ceremonial officials, 202, 262, 268, 277, 491, 533 , Court ceremony and etiquette, 70, 131, 148, 242, 268, 435, 617 Court life of southern France, 404-06; of Italian Renaissance, 580, 587 Courtesy, 403 Courtier, The Book of the, 594, 596 Courtly epic, 406 Courts of law, see Admiralty, Church, Feudal, Folk, Gilds, Hundred, Im- perial, Inquisition, Law, Manorial, Papal, Royal, Shire, Towns, Vehm Courtrai, battle of, 499, 512 Cracow, 549; university of, 552 Crecy, battle of, 513-14, 517, 519, 522, 526, 622 Credi, Lorenzo di, 606 Cremona, 352, 468 Crenelation, 247 Crete, 4, 19-20, 226, 308, 465 Crimea, 55, 344 Criminous clerks, 296-98 Critical attitude in history, 6-8, 597- 98 Croatia and Croats, 151-52, 229, 308 Crossbow, 514 Cross, holy, 150-51, 321; sign of, 101, 158; "taking the," 311 Cruciform churches, 419-20 Cruelty, ancient, 32, 38; Visigothic, 121; Byzantine, 195-96, 308, 342; of Northmen, 216, 218; Bulgarian, 229; feudal, 251, 447-48; of Timur, 557; of Italian despots, 577-78 Crusades, 16, 190, 225, 260, 299, 301, 310-26, 346, 349, 363, 405, 417, 435, 444, 463, 465-69, 483, 494-95, 537, 546, 554, 612; against the Ottoman Turks, 556, 558, 574, 622; against the Hussites, 570-71 Crusading Orders, see Military Or- ders Crypt, 420 Ctesiphon, 177, 184 Cube, The, see Kaaba Culmbach, 540 Culture, see Civilization, Classical Curiales (or, Decurions), 26, 66-67, 73 Curia, see Papal court Curia regis, 268, 277 Customs, surviving from earlier peri- ods, 4; power of, among early Ger- mans, 48-49; "college," 392; vari- ety of medieval local, 371, 474-75, 508, 617, 632 Customs duties, 258, 263, 333, 335- 36, 343, 345, 351, 358, 366, 467, 521, 608 Cyclades, 367 Cyprian, 102 Cyprus, 19-20, 177, 308, 321, 453 Cyrene, 106 Czechs, 216, 228, 390, 552, 570 Dacia, 54-55, 151 Dagobert, King of the Franks, 167, 192-93 Dalmatia, 69, 118, 136, 138, 151, 209, 308, 445, 453, 583; Archbishop of, 157 Dalriada, Kingdom of, 166 Damascus, 150, 180, 182, 319, 344, 557 Damasus, Pope, 107 Damietta, 322 Damme, 367 Danelaw, 220-21 Danegeld, 275, 277 Danes, 199, 202, 217, 220-22, 226, 2 75, 3°5, 4745 an d see Denmark Dante, 410-16, 432, 560, 562, 576, 586-88, 593, 598, 601; quoted, 503 Danube River, 12, 17, 23, 43, 53~55, 75-76, 80, 84-85, 138-40, 151, 228- 29, 309, 548, 554 Dardanelles, 54 Dates, in history, 13; of French and English kings, 511 Dauphin, 519-21, 526-28, 620, 623 Dauphine, 271, 519, 620, 624 David, of Donatello, 603-04 Deacon, 100, 105, 154, 286, 562 Dean, 437, 484 Decameron, 593 Deccan, 394 Decius, Roman Emperor, 54 Decorated architecture, 431 Decretum of Gratian, 378 Decurions, see Curiales Defensor pads, 561-62, 575 Defensores, 73 Degrees, see Academic De hceretico comburendo, statute of 565 Delhi, 556 Demesne, 236, 344, 477, 486 Democracy, 360, 362, 524, 570, 577, 584, 618; and see Communes, Gov- ernment, People Democritus, 22 De monarchia, 412 Demons, 33, 65, 97, 158, 160, 379-80, 412, 429 Demosthenes, 21, 24 Denmark, 40, 85, 218, 275, 287, 369, 398, 455, 460, 488, 532, 543-47 Deposition of rulers, of popes, 285,